500

CULTURAL EVENTS

•BIRTH OF MUMAHAMMAD
Muhammad was born around the year 570 in the city
of Mecca, Arabia.
His name means "highly praised." Muhammad's full
name was Abu al-Qasim Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah
Ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ibn Hashim.
 He was the last prophet of the religion of Islam.
Muhammad is the model of Qur'anic behavior for
Muslims.
 They mention his name by adding "peace be upon
him," a phrase used with the name of all the prophets
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS

AFRICA/ASIA
•VOLUME OF SPHERE
IN CHINA
If we have a sphere with the radius r, the volume, V
of the cylinder is:

where π is a number that is approximately

equals to 3.14.
600
POLITICAL EVENTS
ASIA
MUSLIMS CONQUER MIDDLE EAST
AFRICA
MUSLIMS CONQUER NORTH AFRICA
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS

•BRAHMAGUPTA AND
INDETERMINATE
EQUATIONS
Brahmagupta, whose father was Jisnugupta, wrote
important works on mathematics and astronomy.
In particular he wrote Brahmasphutasiddhanta (The
Opening of the Universe), in 628.
Brahmagupta became the head of the astronomical
observatory at Ujjain which was the foremost mathemati
The Brahmasphutasiddhanta contains twenty-five
chapters but the first ten of these chapters seem to form
what many historians believe was a first version of
Brahmagupta's work and some manuscripts exist which
contain only these chapters.cal centre of ancient India at
this time.
Brahmagupta
700
POLITICAL EVENTS
BAGHDAD FOUNDED AS CAPITAL OF ISLAMIC
EMPIRE
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS

•DEVELOPMENT OF DECIMAL
PLACE VALUE SYSTEM
OF INDIA
800
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS

•AL-KWARIZMI AND
ALGEBRA
Al-Kwarizimi (780 – 850 AD), the inventor of modern algebra, was
the first exponent of the use of numerals, including zero, in
preference to letters.
These numerals he called Hindi, indicating their Indian origin. Al-
Kwarizimi’s work on the Hindu method of calculation was
translated to Latin, De Numero Indico, in the 12th century, but
Europeans largely ignored it.
The treatise details the numerical system of the Indians: the nine
symbols 1 to 9 and a placeholder called sunya, the Arab’s sifr,
Western cipher or zero.
Islamic scientists loved Al-Kwarizimi’s little book, widely applying
his theories into practice as well as developing and refining it.
Regrettably, the Arabic original of Al-Kwarizimi’s treatise has been
lost.
900
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS

•ABU KAMIL AND ALGEBRA;

ABU’L WAFA AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Abu Kamil was a famous Arab mathematician who
worked in the field of algebra
One of the famous problem:
x^2 + y^2 = z^2

y^2 = xz

x + y + z = 10

x, y and z are all positive real numbers. They are

approximately 2, 3 and 4. What are they to 5 significant
digits?
Hint, substitute the second equation into the first and use
the formula for finding the root of a quadratic equation.
1000
POLITICAL EVENTS
ASIA
Establishes Christian rule in Jerusalem (1095-1099)
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS
EGYPT :Ibn al-Haytham sums of powers and Volumes
of paraloids.

: Omar Khayyam solution of cubics.

PERSIA

: Pascal Triangle developed.

CHINA
Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham was
the first person to test hypotheses with verifiable
experiments, developing the scientific method more
than 200 years before European scholars learned of it
—by reading his books.
•Omar Khayyam was a brilliant
mathematician, astronomer,
philosopher and physician of the
11th century.
•He contributed to the basic
principles of algebra and
developed an accurate solar
calendar that was used for 800
years.
However, he is best known today
for his poem “The Rubáiyát.”

OMAR KHAYYÁM
Pascal
invented the
first digital
calculator to
help his
father with
his work
collecting
taxes.

Blaise Pascal
1100
POLITICAL EVENTS
ASIA
NORTHERN INDIA CONQUERED BY MUSLIMS ;
CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS ESTABLISHED IN MIDDLE
EAST.
AFRICA
ISLAM EXPANDS INTO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
CULTURAL EVENTS
GOTHIC ART AND ARTCHITECTURE FLOURISH
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS
•BHASKHARA AND PELL EQUATION

•AL-SAMAW’AL

•SHARAF AL-DIN AL-TUSI AND

CUBIC EQUATIONS
BHASKARA
Bhaskara is also known as Bhaskara II or as
Bhaskaracharya, this latter name meaning "Bhaskara
the Teacher".
Bhaskara can also be called the founder of differential
calculus.
Bhaskara was born in 1114 at Bijjada Bida (Bijapur,
Karnataka) in the Sahyadri Hills.
He learnt mathematics from his saintly father.
Later, the works of Brahmagupta inspired him so much
that he devoted himself entirely to mathematics.
Pell's equation
Although the continued fraction approach to solving Pell
's equation is a very nice one for small values on n, the
difficulty of the method has been analysed to see if it is
the most efficient for large n.
 A polynomial time method in the length of the input n
would be an algorithm which took time bounded by a
fixed power of log n (the length of the input).
The continued fraction method is not a polynomial time
algorithm, and indeed it is now known that no
polynomial time algorithm exists for solving Pell's
equation.
Al-Samawal was an
Islamic mathematician
who was able to extend the
arithmetic operations to
handle polynomials.
He used an early form of Ibn Yahya al-Maghribi Al-Samawal
induction.
SHARAF AL-DIN AL-TUSI
Sharaf al‐Dīn al‐Ṭūsī is known especially for his
mathematics (in particular his novel work on the
solutions of cubic equations),
He was also the inventor of the linear astrolabe, a tool
that derives from the planispheric astrolabe but is
more easily constructed
1200
POLITICAL EVENTS
ASIA
CONSTANTINOPOLE
GENGHIS KHAN
MARCO POLO
MUSLIM SULINATE
Constanipole sacked by Crusaders
(1202-1204);Genghis Khan conquers
much of asia;marco polo reaches
China;muslim sultanate founded in
india;Muslims reestablish rule in
middle east.
Constantinople was founded by the 
Roman emperor Constantine I on the site of
an already existing city, Byzantium, settled
in the early days of Greek colonial
expansion, probably around 671-662 BC. The
site lay astride the land route from Europe to
Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to
the Mediterranean, and had in the 
Golden Horn an excellent and spacious
harbor.
CONSTANTINOPOLE
CULTURAL EVENTS
MAGNA CARTA(1215)

UNIVERSITIES FOUNDEDIN PARIS, CAMBRIDGE,

AND OXFORD.
Magna Carta(1215)establishes foundation of
English constitution alrights;paper produced in
Italy; Universities founded in
Paris,Cambridge,and Oxford.
 MATHEMATICAL IDEAS
PERSIA NASIR AL-DINO AL TUSI AND
TRIGONOMETRY.

CHINA CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM;

SOLUTION OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATION.

MOROCCO DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINATORIES.

NASIR AL-DIN AL-TUSI
Tusi was perhaps the first to treat trigonometry as a
separate mathematical discipline, distinct from
astronomy, and in his Treatise on the Quadrilateral,
 He gave the first extensive exposition of
spherical trigonometry, which he developed into its
present form,[16] as he was the first to list the six
distinct cases of a right triangle in spherical
trigonometry
1300
POLITICAL EVENTS
ASIA

MING DYNASTY
 AFRICA
TIMBUKU FLOURISHES AS INTELLECTUAL
CENTER IN MALI.
1400
POLITICAL EVENTS
ASIA
OTTOMANS OVERTHROW BYZANTINE EMPIRE;

VOYAGES OF CHINESE TO INDIA AND AFRICA.

AFRICA
BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ ROUNDS CAPE OF GOOD
HOPE.
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS

•POWER OF SERIES FOR COSINE AND

SINE IN INDIA

•AL-KASHI DECIMAL CALCULATIONS

1500
POLITICAL EVENTS
ASIA
PORTUGESE ESTABLUSH TRADING IN INDIA.
1600
1700
CULTURAL EVENTS

FOUNDING OF EOLE POLYTECHNIQUE

INVENTION OF STEAM ENGINE.(1769)
1800
POLITICAL EVENTS
ASIA
BRITISH RULE INDIA
AFRICA
AFRICA CARVED UP INTO EUROPIAN COLONIES.
CULTURAL EVENTS
RAILROADS ESTABLISHED; STEAMSHIPS SAIL THE
OCEANS ; TELEPHON AND TELEGRAPH IN
VENTED.
1900
POLITICAL EVENTS
ASIA
CHINESE OVERTHROW EMPEROR
OTTOMAN EMPIRE COLLAPSES
EUROPEANS CARVE MIDDLE EAST
INDIA GAINS INDEPENDENCE
COMMUNISTS RULE IN CHINA
KOREAN AND VIETNAMESE WARS
ISRAELI-ARAB CONFLICT BEGINS AND CONTINUES.
AFRICA
COLONIES GAIN INDEPENDENCE.
CULTURAL EVENTS
INVENTION OF AIRPLANE;
ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES;
TRAVEL TO THE MOON.
THANK YOU!