Modes OF Transmission in wireless

 Simplex communication system

 Example:
 Television , radio

TX Communication is possible in one direction only RX

 Half – Duplex communication system
 Example :
 Police radio

Two-way communication on the same channel.

TX+RX At any given time a user can only transmit or TX +RX
receive
 Full – Duplex communication system
 Example :
 GSM mobile radio

• simultaneous two-way communication

TX+RX • Two simultaneous but separate channels are TX +RX
provided for communication to and from the
terminals
Multiple Access
Different multiple access methods use different strategies to:
 
Divide the radio spectrum into channels (Time or Freq.)

Allocate those channels among users (One channel or more)

Identify different users on an RF carrier (Fixed or dynamic)

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

As AMPS and NMT

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

As GSM and IS-136

TDMA Vs FDMA
FDMA TDMA
•low cost hardware technology
•Permits a flexible bit rate
•No need for network timing
Advantages •Easy for mobile or base stations to
•No restriction regarding the type of base
initiate and execute hands off
band (voice or data) or type of modulation

•The presence of guard bands •Requires network-wide timing

•Requires Ideal RF filtering to synchronization
Disadvantages
minimize adjacent channel interference •Requires signal processing for
advancing
Why Do we need new access techniques?

 Band Saturation

 More BW efficiency

 Capacity (more than ½ The population of the globe

use mobile phones)
What about SDMA?
CDMA Spread Spectrum

Originally developed for military and navigation purposes

NO More necessary
As Channel BW get smaller  More Capacity
CDMA Spread Spectrum
CDMA Spread Spectrum
 CDMA Spread Spectrum
•Researches started even from 1950’s

•Cellular spread-spectrum application was suggested by Cooper and Nettleton in 1978

•IS-95, the narrow band CDMA mobile network, has been standardized in 1993 and commercial

networks were introduced in 1995

•3G wideband CDMA systems, such as CDMA2000 in U.S. and European WCDMA developed

from 1990s and still ongoing

CDMA Spread Spectrum
Signal Spreading Preview
In DS spreading, the incoming digital speech signal is
multiplied by a digital pseudo-noise (PN) code
through a process called bit stream multiplication.

The result of DS spreading is an encoded, spread spectrum, CDMA signal.

Signal Spreading Preview
Fast frequency hopping

This approach assumes that the two stations have:

A common knowledge of the frequency hopping plan.
Synchronized clocks
Signal Spreading Preview
Time Hopping

Time hopping assumes that the two stations in communication have:

A common knowledge of the time-hopping "plan."
Synchronized clocks
The Strengths of CDMA
Increased system capacity.

Cell sites can be larger.

Enhanced privacy due to digital coding of CDMA

signals.
Enhanced call quality

Lower transmit RF power levels, longer battery life,

and increased talk time for hand-held units.
Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts
Bit stream multiplication is the process where an
input bit stream of information (usually a digital
speech signal) called b(t) is multiplied by a pseudo-
noise (PN) code called c(t) to produce a new
composite output signal called y(t).
Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts
Consider the difference between spreading and
scrambling:
Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts
Data 01000101111010101001
Code 10110101001010101011

Code 10110101001010101011
Not Data 00000101001010101001
Bit Stream Multiplication Concepts
b(t) · c(t) = y(t)
b(t) · c(t) · c(t) = b(t)
Spreading and Despreading
Remember that spreading occurs when a lower bit
rate input signal b(t) is multiplied by a higher chip
rate spreading code c(t) as shown.Bit

Chip
Spreading and Despreading Cont.
despreading takes y(t) and multiplies again by the
same spreading PN code c(t) to recover the digital
information signal b(t).
Spreading and Power Spectral
Density
Spreading does not change total power. Spreading
changes how the power is distributed over frequency.
The following formulas hold true:
 Fb =1/Tb (the bit rate of the input signal)
Fc =1/Tc (the chip rate of the spreading code)
G (processing gain) = Fc/Fb =Tb/Tc
Scrambling and Descrambling
Scrambling is often used for privacy. When
scrambling is used for encryption, then descrambling
is used for decryption.
Repeated Spreading and Scrambling
CDMA systems use scrambling and spreading in several
ways for:
Encryption for privacy
Channel identification
Base station identification
PN Codes
A binary sequence with fixed length and has noise-
like randomness
Nearly equal number of zeros and ones
Low correlation between shifted versions of the sequence
Low correlation with other user signals (interference) and
noise
Good autocorrelation properties with own signal in
synchronization
Code Generation Circuitry
Code Generation Circuitry

D
D D
D D
D
Flip
Flip Flop
Flop Flip
Flip Flop
Flop Flip
Flip Flop
Flop
Quick Review
 RF Transmission Delay and its Effect
 Radio signals typically travel at a rate of about five microseconds to
the mile. Assuming that a mobile is ten miles away from the base
station, a 50 microsecond (µs) delay would be the result.

Chip = .81 usec

RF Transmission Delay and its Effect
Locking On to a Particular PN Sequence Cont.
Locking On to a Particular PN Sequence Cont.
Locking On to a Particular PN Sequence Cont.
Signal Correlation With Offsets Less Than 1 Time Chip
Signal Correlation With Offsets Less Than 1 Time Chip
Signal Correlation