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Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Gears!
Gears are most often used in transmissions to convert an electric motor’s high speed
and low torque to a shaft’s requirements for low speed high torque:
Speed is easy to generate, because voltage is easy to generate
Torque is difficult to generate because it requires large amounts of current
Gears essentially allow positive engagement between teeth so high forces can be
transmitted while still undergoing essentially rolling contact
Gears do not depend on friction and do best when friction is minimized
Basic Law of Gearing:
–A common normal (the line of action) to the tooth profiles at their point of contact must, in all positions
of the contacting teeth, pass through a fixed point on the line-of-centers called the pitch point
–Any two curves or profiles engaging each other and satisfying the law of gearing are conjugate curves,
and the relative rotation speed of the gears will be constant
Spur Gears
Teeth are parallel to the
axis of the gear
Advantages
Cost
Ease of manufacture
Availability
Disadvantages
Only works with mating
gear
Axis of each gear must
be parallel
Standard Spur Gears
(Berg Master Catalog)
Helical Gears
Teeth are at an angle to the gear axis
(usually 10° to 45°) – called helix angle
Advantages
Smooth and quiet due to gradual
tooth engagements (spur gears
whine at high speed due to impact).
Helical gears good up to speeds in
excess of 5,000 ft/min
More tooth engagement allows for
greater power transmission for given
gear size.
Parallel to perpendicular shaft
arrangement – Fig 8.2
Disadvantage
More expensive
Resulting axial thrust component
Helical Gears
Examples
of “off the
shelf”
drives
Show slides
Other Drives
Splitter – One input with several outputs
Right Angle – Transfers torque thru right angles, can
be as simple as mating bevel gears
www.gamweb.com/ power_series.htm
www.torsen.com/products/ T-1.htm
nP N G N driven
Velocity Ratio VR
nG N P N driver
Gear
Pinion nG NG
nP NP
What is NG?
Solution:
VR = 3 = NG/NP
NG = 3*22 = 66 teeth
Find: n4
Solution:
1. n2 = 500 rpm*(20/70) = 142.8 rpm Torque?? Increases by 10.5!!
Power?? Stays the same
2. n3 = n2 throughout!
3. n4 = 142.8 rpm*(18/54) = 47.6 rpm
4. Total reduction = 500/47.6 = 10.5 (0r
10.5:1)
Pinion
Line drawn perpendicular at
point of contact always
crosses centerline at same POWER
place then VR = np/nG =
np
constant
Law of Kinematics
DEMO!
Fig 8-7
Spur Gear Nomenclature
Pitch Circle(s)
The circles remain
tangent throughout entire
engagement
Pitch Diameter
Diameter of pitch circle
DP – Pitch of pinion
DG – Pitch of gear (power gear or driving gear)
(Driven gear)
Gear Nomenclature
N = Number of teeth
Use subscript for specific gear
NP=Number of teeth on pinion (driver)
NG=Number of teeth on gear (driven)
NP < NG (for speed reducer)
NA=Number of teeth on gear A
Circular Pitch, P is the radial distance from a
point on a tooth at the pitch circle to
corresponding point on the next adjacent
tooth P=(D)/N
Gear Nomenclature
PINION
DG DP
P=
NG NP
GEAR
Gear Nomenclature
Diametral Pitch, (Pd) – Number of teeth per inch of pitch
diameter
N
Pd =
D
*Two gears in mesh must have equal P d:
NG NP
Pd = =
DG DP
*Standard diametral pitches can be found in Table 8-1
and 8-2
Gear Nomenclature
Figure 8-8
Spur Gears
Tooth Profile – Conjugate
Conjugate profile
shape
Conjugate Profile
Tooth is thicker at base,
maximum moment
σ = M/s
Pressure Angle (φ) - angle
between tangent and
perpendicular line to gear
tooth surface
Allows constant velocity
ratio between mating gears
and smooth power
transmission
Fillet Radius
Pressure Angle Force perpendicular
at
DG 3.667in
Pc = = = .2617 in/t
NG 44 t
Gear Nomenclature Example
Addendum
1 1
a = = = .0833 in
Pd 12 t/in
Dedendum
1.25 1.25
b= = = .1042 in
Pd 12 t/in
Gear Nomenclature Example
Clearance
.25 .25
c = = = .0208 in
Pd 12 t/in
Whole Depth
ht = a+b = .1875 in
Working Depth
hk = 2*a = .16667 in
Gear Nomenclature Example
Tooth Thickness
PC .2617in
t = = = .1309 in
2 2
Outside Diameter
N+2
O.D. = DO = = 2.833 in
Pd
Gear Nomenclature Notes
Clearance maybe a problem for small pinions
driving large gears, therefore they won’t mesh and
will lock up (See Table 8-6)
Pin = P + P + …..
A B
nin
TV = = (VR1)(VR2). . . .
nout
Gear Train Alternate Solution
TV = (VR1)(VR2)(VR3)
30 68 68
TV = * * = 8.4
22 30 25
ni
TV = n
out
ni 1750 rpm
nout = = = 208 rpm ccw
TV 8.4