• Rigid body: A rigid body is a solid body in which

deformation is zero or so small it can be neglected.

The distance between any two given points on a
rigid body remains constant in time regardless of
external forces exerted on it. (Engg. Mechanics)
• Elastic Body: It is a body regain its original shape
and size after the removal of deformable
force(external force acting on the body) , is
called elastic body. (Strength of Materials)
• Plastic body: A body does not regain its original size
and shape on removal of applied force is called
as plastic body
• The First Law of Motion states, "A body at rest will
remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in
motion unless it is acted upon by an external force.
This property of massive bodies to resist changes in
their state of motion is sometimes called inertia. 
• The Second Law of Motion It states, "The force
acting on an object is equal to the mass of that
object times its acceleration." This is written in
mathematical form as F = ma, where F is force, m is
mass, and a is acceleration.
• The Third Law of Motion states, "For every action,
there is an equal and opposite reaction
• FORCE:

1. Definition, Meaning & Concept.

2. Unit of force.

3. Characteristics of a Force.
4. Effect or Action of force.
5. System of force.
6. Graphical representation of force.
 Push or pull of an object is considered a force.
In Physics, force is defined as:
The push or pull on an object with mass that causes it
to change its velocity.
Force is an external agent capable of changing the
state of rest or motion of a particular body. It has a
magnitude and a direction.
The direction towards which the force is applied is
known as the direction of the force and the application
of force is the point where force is applied.
The Force can be measured using a spring balance.
The SI unit of force is Newton(N).
Common symbols: F→, F

SI unit: Newton

In SI base units: kg·m/s2

Other units: dyne, poundal, pound-force, kip,

kilo pond

Derivations from other quantities:  F = m a

Dimension: LMT-2
• What are the Effects of Force?
• In physics, motion is defined as the change in
position with respect to time. In simpler words,
motion refers to the movement of a body. Typically,
motion can either be described as:
• Change in speed
• Change in direction
• The Force has different effects and here are some of
them.
• Force can make a body that is at rest to move.
• It can stop a moving body or slow it down.
• It can accelerate the speed of a moving body.
• It can also change the direction of a moving body
along with its shape and size.
• What is the Line of Action of a Force?
• The line along which a force is acting on an object
is called the line of action of the force. The point
where the force is acting on an object is called the
point of application of the force. The force which
opposes the relative motion between the surfaces
of two objects in contact and acts along the
surfaces is called the force of friction.
• Formula for Force
• The quantity of force is expressed by the vector product of mass (m) and acceleration (a). The
equation or the formula for force can mathematically be expressed in the form of:

• F = ma
• Where,

• m = mass
• a = acceleration
• It is articulated in Newton (N) or Kgm/s2.

• Acceleration a is given by

• a = v/t

• Where

• v = velocity
• t = time taken
• So Force can be articulated as:

• F = mv/t
Graphical Representation of Force:

Point of
Application

Object/Body
F

Line of Action

Characterstics of Force:
1. Magnitude
2. Direction/Line of action
3. Point of Application
4. Nature or Sense
• Nature or Sense of Force:
• 1. Pull or Tension: A force acting away from Body is
called as Pull or Tension.

F
OR
T Body

• 2. Push or Compression: A force acting towards

Body is called Push or Compression.

F
or Body
C
• SYSTEMS OF FORCES                         
•  When a mechanics problem or system has more
than one force acting, it is known as a ‘force system’
or ‘system of force’.
1. Co-planar Force System.
1.1 Collinear Force System
1.2 Parallel Force System
1.3 Concurrent Force System
1.4 Non Concurrent Force System
2. Non Co-planar Force System.
•  Collinear Force System
• When the lines of action of all the forces of a
system act along the same line, this force system is
called collinear force system.

• Parallel Forces: When the lines of action of all the

forces of a system do not meet till infinity, this force
system is called parallel force system.
• Concurrent Force System
• The forces when extended pass through a single
point and the point is called point of concurrency.
The lines of actions of all forces meet at the point of
concurrency. Concurrent forces may or may not be
coplanar.
• 2.3.6 Non-concurrent Force System
• When the forces of a system do not meet at a
common point of concurrency, this type of force
system is called non-concurrent force system.
Parallel forces are the example of this type of force
system. Non-concurrent forces may be coplanar or
non-coplanar.
• Concurrent Force System : Image showing
concurrent force system at point ‘C ‘ of roof truss.
The forces F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 are meeting at point ‘C’.
• Coplanar and non-concurrent force system
• When the forces of a system do not meet at a
common point of concurrency, this type of force
system is called non-concurrent force system.
Parallel forces are the example of this type of force
system. Non-concurrent forces may be coplanar or
non-coplanar.

These forces do not meet at a common point;

however, they lie in a single plane.
•  Coplanar Force System
• When the lines of action of a set of forces lie in a
single plane is called coplanar force system.
• Non-Coplanar Force System
• When the line of action of all the forces do not lie in
one plane, is called Non-coplanar force system.
Image-Coplaner forces: