Oracle Database Administration

Session 9
Managing the Environment

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DBA Goals

 A proactive DBA reduces the number of

weekends worked
Set some routines
Review the database to see what is ‘normal’
What are the growth patterns
Number of users logged in
The CPU and memory usage

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DBA Goals

The disks ‘hit’ the most

Check the alert.log for ora errors
Check for trace files

When you do these things regularly, you will

notice the abnormal more easily

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Health Checks

Database
Application
System

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Release Management

Development
Test/Integration
Production
Patch
Interfaces
Conversion
Security

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Release Management

Systems
O/S
Backend
Middle Tier
Number of Users
Batch schedule
Performance Test

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Management Framework

Monitoring Framework
Automation
Batch Control
Scheduling
Production Control

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Environment Management

Wholistic Approach
– Database
– Middle Tier
– Data Loading
– Linked databases
– Backups

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Environment Management

Application User perspective

– Total number of Users
– Max concurrent Users
– Length of data loads
– Uptime requirement
– Must be available at……
Manage to their requirements

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DBA Tasks

Is it running……
“ps –eaf | grep dbw” tests to see if the
database is up and running
“ps –eaf | grep lsnrctl” tests if the listener is
running
sqlplus user@<ORACLE_SID> or some user
Password *******
Tests if you can connect to the database

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Logs

Alert.log
– Located in
/$ORACLE_BASE/admin/<SID>/bdump
– It shows when the database was started
– When a log switch occurred
– Shows the non-default parameters from the
init.ora

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Logs

– Any ddl commands to change the structure of the

database
– Space allocation errors
– When trace files were created and where they
are located
– When the database was shutdown or started

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Logs

This file is not adjusted by Oracle, it is always

appended to, until you change it.
You can rename it, edit it, or reduce it’s size
When it is renamed, Oracle will create a new
file automatically

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Trace Files

When there are internal errors in a user

session or with a background process, Oracle
creates a trace file
They are to help in debugging a problem
Trace files, created by a background process,
will have the name of the background process
as part of the file name

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Trace Files

The trace file of a user process will have the

process ID, in the file name
The following init.ora parameters relate to trace
files
– max_dump_file_size unlimited size
– background_dump_dest background processes
– user_dump_dest user sessions traces

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Type of Views

Dba_
User_
All_
V$….
X$..

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Views

dba_segments
dba_rollback_segs
dba_objects
v$rollstat
v$rollname

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Views

dba_extents
dba_tables
dba_indexes
v$sqltext

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Instance

 v$instance
 v$database
 v$sga
 v$sgastat
 v$parameter
 v$option
 v$version
 v$license

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Sessions

 v$session
 v$transaction
 v$process
 v$access

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Database Structure

 v$tablespace
 v$datafile
 v$dbfile
 v$dblink
 v$datafile_header

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Performance

 v$waitstat
 v$filestat
 v$sysstat

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All V$ Views

select name from v$fixed_table where name

like ‘v%' order by name

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Examples

select substr(segment_name,1,19)
segment_name, extents from dba_segments
where tablespace_name = ‘TS‘
select substr(table_name,1,19) table_name,
freelists from dba_tables where
tablespace_name = ‘TS'

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 Example of a View
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW DBA_SEGMENTS ( OWNER,
SEGMENT_NAME, PARTITION_NAME, SEGMENT_TYPE,
TABLESPACE_NAME, HEADER_FILE, HEADER_BLOCK, BYTES,
BLOCKS, EXTENTS, INITIAL_EXTENT, NEXT_EXTENT,
MIN_EXTENTS, MAX_EXTENTS, PCT_INCREASE, FREELISTS,
FREELIST_GROUPS, RELATIVE_FNO, BUFFER_POOL ) AS select
owner, segment_name, partition_name, segment_type, tablespace_name,
header_file, header_block, bytes, blocks, extents, initial_extent,
next_extent, min_extents, max_extents, pct_increase,
freelists,freelist_groups, relative_fno, buffer_pool from sys_dba_segs

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dba_segments
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------------
OWNER VARCHAR2(30)
SEGMENT_NAME VARCHAR2(81)
PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
SEGMENT_TYPE VARCHAR2(18)
TABLESPACE_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
HEADER_FILE NUMBER
HEADER_BLOCK NUMBER
BYTES NUMBER
BLOCKS NUMBER
EXTENTS NUMBER
INITIAL_EXTENT NUMBER
NEXT_EXTENT NUMBER
MIN_EXTENTS NUMBER
MAX_EXTENTS NUMBER
PCT_INCREASE NUMBER
FREELISTS NUMBER
FREELIST_GROUPS NUMBER
RELATIVE_FNO NUMBER

BUFFER_POOL VARCHAR2(7)
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DBA Views

set pagesize 9999

col owner format a10
col object_name format a40
select owner,object_name,object_type from
dba_objects where (object_name like 'DBA_
%' or object_name like 'V$%' ) and
owner in ('SYS', 'SYSTEM', 'PUBLIC')
order by owner,object_name
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Space Management

A database stores data

We must have enough free space available,
to ensure that will continue to occur
Tablespace available
Segment space available inside the
tablespace
Can we extend each segment

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Storage Information

select segment_name, segment_type,extents

from dba_segments
where tablespace_name = ‘DATA‘ and
segment_type = ‘TABLE'
This will tell you what number of extents each
table has, in a specific tablespace

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Storage Information

Change table to index and get the values for

you indexes

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ALTER TABLESPACE
Use this command to alter an existing tablespace in one of the
following ways:
* to add datafile(s)
* to rename datafiles
* to change default storage parameters
* to take the tablespace online or offline
* to begin or end a backup
* to allow or disallow writing to a tablespace
* to change the default logging attribute of the tablespace
* to change the minimum tablespace extent length

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Tablespace management
ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
{ADD DATAFILE 'filespec‘
[AUTOEXTEND {OFF | ON [NEXT integer [K | M] ]
[MAXSIZE { UNLIMITED
| integer [K | M] } ] } ]
[, 'filespec'
[AUTOEXTEND {OFF | ON [NEXT integer [K | M] ]
[MAXSIZE {UNLIMITED
| integer [K | M] } ] } ] ] ...

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Tablespace management
| RENAME DATAFILE 'filename' [, 'filename'] ...
TO 'filename' ['filename'] ...
| COALESCE
| DEFAULT STORAGE storage_clause
| MINIMUM EXTENT integer [K | M]
| ONLINE
| OFFLINE [NORMAL | TEMPORARY | IMMEDIATE]
| {BEGIN | END} BACKUP
| READ {ONLY | WRITE}
| PERMANENT
| TEMPORARY}
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Tablespace management
example
 CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS DATAFILE
'/u51/oradata/dev/tools01.dbf' SIZE 614400K AUTOEXTEND
OFF
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL AUTOALLOCATE
LOGGING
ONLINE

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Tablespace management
example
ALTER TABLESPACE TOOLS ADD
DATAFILE '/u51/oradata/dev/tools02.dbf'
SIZE 200M
/
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE
'/u51/oradata/dev/tools01.dbf' RESIZE 100M
/

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Tablespace management
example
 ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE
'/u08/oradata/test/datafile01.dbf' RESIZE 200M;

 ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE

'/u08/oradata/test/datafile01.dbf' AUTOEXTEND ON

 ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE

'/u08/oradata/dwutstst/dwfnddds01.dbf'
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 200M MAXSIZE 1000M

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Sql creating sql

select ' alter database datafile ''' || file_name ||

''' resize ' || to_char ( bytes/1024/1024 + &Size
) || 'M ; ' from dba_data_files where
tablespace_name = upper
( '&tablespace_name' ) and rownum < 2

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Create tablespace

set heading off

set verify off
select distinct ( substr ( name, 1, 4 ) ) from v$datafile /
select '&Press any key to continue ... ' from dual /
Prompt Enter Tablespace_name :
Accept Tablespace_name
select ' create tablespace &&tablespace_name
datafile ''/u&filename/oradata/'|| value ||
'/&&tablespace_name' || '01.dbf'' size &Size M; ' from
dual, v$parameter where name = 'instance_name'
/

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Object Status Examples

select count(*) from dba_objects

where status = 'INVALID‘

select object_name, object_type

from dba_objects
where status = 'INVALID'

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Object Modifications

select owner,object_name, object_type, status,

timestamp from dba_objects where
substr(timestamp,1,10) = to_char(sysdate-1,
'YYYY-MM-DD') order by owner,object_name
This will tell what objects changed since the day
before

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User Sessions

desc v$session
SQL> select status, count(*) from v$session
group by status;
STATUS COUNT(*)
-------- ----------
ACTIVE 18
INACTIVE 16

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User Sessions

A value of inactive means that no SQL

statement is running at the moment
The total number of users connected is the
addition of both count values
What is each user doing, etc

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Users

 CREATE USER
You can assign the following properties to the
user:
* default tablespace
* temporary tablespace
* quotas for allocating space in tablespaces

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Create User
CREATE USER user IDENTIFIED {BY password |
EXTERNALLY }
[ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
| QUOTA { integer [K | M] | UNLIMITED } ON tablespace
[ QUOTA { integer [K | M] | UNLIMITED } ON tablespace ]

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Alter User
ALTER USER user
{ IDENTIFIED {BY password | EXTERNALLY}
| DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
| QUOTA { integer [K | M] | UNLIMITED} ON tablespace
[ QUOTA { integer [K | M] | UNLIMITED} ON tablespace] ...
| DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role] ...
| ALL [EXCEPT role [, role] ...]
| NONE} } ...

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Roles

Connect role
Resource role
DBA role
Object privileges
System Privileges

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Connect

select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee =

‘connect’

 CONNECT CREATE VIEW NO

 CONNECT CREATE TABLE NO
 CONNECT ALTER SESSION NO
 CONNECT CREATE CLUSTER NO
 CONNECT CREATE SESSION NO
 CONNECT CREATE SYNONYM NO
 CONNECT CREATE SEQUENCE NO
 CONNECT CREATE DATABASE LINK NO

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RESOURCE Role

select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee =

‘RESOURCE’

 RESOURCE CREATE TYPE NO

 RESOURCE CREATE TABLE NO
 RESOURCE CREATE CLUSTER NO
 RESOURCE CREATE TRIGGER NO
 RESOURCE CREATE OPERATOR NO
 RESOURCE CREATE SEQUENCE NO
 RESOURCE CREATE INDEXTYPE NO

 RESOURCE CREATE PROCEDURE NO

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DBA Role

select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee =

‘DBA’

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Roles
GRANT (Object Privileges)
GRANT
{ object_priv | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
[ ( column [, column] ...) ]
[, { object_priv | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
[ ( column [, column] ...) ] ] ...
ON [ schema.| DIRECTORY] object
TO { user | role | PUBLIC} ...
[ WITH GRANT OPTION]
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Roles
GRANT (System Privileges and Roles)
GRANT
{ system_priv | role}
[, { system_priv | role} ] ...
TO
{ user | role | PUBLIC}
[, { user | role | PUBLIC} ] ...
[ WITH ADMIN OPTION]
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Rebuild Indexes

Rebuild indexes using the following

Alter index index_name rebuild storage (initial
10M, next 10M, pctincrease 0) tablespace
indexes
We can move indexes to another tablespace
There must be enough space to hold the old
index and the new index, in the tablespace

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Rebuild Indexes

It can be used to reclaim unusable space

This occurs when there are is a large
amounts of deletions from a table

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Shared Memory

ipcs - report inter-process communication

facilities status
ipcrm - remove a message queue,
semaphore set, or shared memory ID
Oradebug – be very careful using this

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Suggestions

Create a script that will document your

database
Run it regularly. It will give you a quick
overview and provide a baseline, if things
change

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Assignment 3
Create a database documentation script.
Include the following
– Tablespaces
– Tablespace free space
– Datafiles
– Redo logs
– Database objects
– Segments

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Assignment 3

– Other areas of interest

– Process information
– Session information
– Extents used by tables/indexes
– Free space in tablespace

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