DC Motors

Design
Types of DC Motors
• Brushed Motor

• Brushless Motor
Brushed Motor design
• Rotor- the rotating part of the motor

• Brushes- sliding contact used to transmit electrical current

from a static to a rotating part in a motor, ensuring a spark-
free commutation.

• Stator- converts the rotating magnetic field to electric current.

Brushless Motor design
• Rotor- the rotating part of the motor

• Stator- converts the rotating magnetic field to electric current.

• Hall Sensor - used to detect the position of the rotor and

transform it into an electrical signal.
OPERATIONS
Bryant David J. Carolino
DC motor
 A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy. 
FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE
FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE
• The forefinger/pointer points to direction of the
magnetic field.
FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE
 The middle finger points in the direction of the current.
FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE
 The thumb gives the direction of force or motion acting on the
conductor.
 The working of DC motor is based on the principle
that when a current carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical
force. 
TYPES OF DC MOTORS
BAUTISTA, TRISTAN JEFF
CACULITAN, RAE CHRISTOPHER
TYPES

BRUSHED DC MOTOR
BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
STEPPER MOTOR
BRUSHED DC
MOTOR
 What is a Brushed DC Motor ?
 The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the
motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets),
and rotating electromagnets.
Parts of a Brushed DC Motor
 Types of Brushed DC Motor
Permanent Magnet Shunt Wound Series Wound

• Most common
• Used in fractional horsepower
applications • Great slow speed torque ( low
• Examples: Toys, RC app., Slot
• Decreasing torque at high speed end )
cars, Appliances, etc…
• At low speed, higher more consistent torque - But, as load is removed, speed
• More cost effective than wound
• Excellent speed control increases sharply
stators • Ideally suited for heavy loads,
• - Responds very quickly to voltage
examples: cranes and
changes due to constant stator
winches
field ( good speed control )
• Drawback, Magnets lose their
magnetic properties over time
Compound Wound

● High torque at low speed w/

heavy loads, SWDC motors
● Great speed control, SHWDC
motors
● Great for Industrial and
automotive applications,
example: generators
BRUSHLESS DC
MOTOR
 What is a Brushless DC Motor ?

A brushless DC motor (also known as a BLDC motor or BL motor) is an electronically commuted DC motor which does not have
brushes. The controller provides pulses of current to the motor windings which control the speed and torque of the synchronous
motor.

These types of motors are highly efficient in producing a large amount of torque over a vast speed range. In brushless motors,
permanent magnets rotate around a fixed armature and overcome the problem of connecting current to the armature.
Commutation with electronics has a large scope of capabilities and flexibility. They are known for smooth operation and holding
torque when stationary.
 Parts Of A Brushless Dc Motor

 Rotor – The Rotating part of  Stator – The Stationary part of  Hall Sensor - used to detect the
the BLDC (Permanent the BLDC with Coil position of the rotor and
magnet) windings(Electromagnet) transform it into an electrical
signal. Most BLDC Motors use
three Hall Sensors that are
embedded into the stator to
sense the rotor’s position.
 Types Of Brushless DC Motors
 Inner Rotor Design  Outer Rotor Design
In an inner rotor design, the rotor is In outer rotor design, the rotor
located in the centre of the motor and surrounds the winding which is
the stator winding surround the rotor. located in the core of the motor.
 Working Principle Of BLDC
Consider the following setup of three windings in the stator designated A, B and C. For the sake of
understanding, let us replace the rotor with a single magnet.
We know that when a current is applied through a coil, a magnetic field
is generated and the orientation of the field lines i.e. the poles of the
generated magnet will depend on the direction of the current flowing
through the coil.

Using this principle, if we supply current to the coil A so that it will

generate a magnetic field and attract the rotor magnet. The position of
the rotor magnet will shift slightly clockwise and will align with A.

If we now pass current through coils B and C one after the other (in that
order), the rotor magnet will rotate in clock wise direction.

To increase efficiency, we can wind the opposite coils using a single coil
so that we get double attraction. Further increasing the efficiency, we can
energize two coils at the same time so that one coil will attract the
magnet and the other coil will repel it.
STEPPER MOTOR
 What is a Stepper Motor ?

 Stepper Motor is a brushless electromechanical device which converts the train of electric pulses applied at their
excitation windings into precisely defined step-by-step mechanical shaft rotation. The shaft of the motor rotates
through a fixed angle for each discrete pulse. This rotation can be linear or angular.
 It gets one step movement for a single pulse input. The number of input pulses given to the motor decides the step
angle and hence the position of motor shaft is controlled by controlling the number of pulses. If the step angle is
smaller, the greater will be the number of steps per revolutions and higher will be the accuracy of the position
obtained.
 This unique feature makes the stepper motor to be well suitable for open-loop control system wherein the precise
position of the shaft is maintained with exact number of pulses without using a feedback sensor.
 Another thing to note is the speed of rotation is relative to the frequency of those pulses.
 Parts of a Stepper Motor

Stator – Toothed electromagnets.

Rotor – has gear shaped structure, varies composition depending on the type.
Types of Stepper Motors and Working Principle
Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Hybrid Synchronous Stepper Motor

Working of A Hybrid Stepper Motor

 Driving Modes

Single-coil Excitation/Wave Drive – Single coil is active Full Step Drive – 2 active coils at a given time
at a time

Half Step Drive – Combination of Wave and Full

step Drive. Microstepping – Application of Half step drive
by continually varying current.
 Unipolar and Bipolar Stepper Motors
Step motors are mostly two phase motors. These can be unipolar or bipolar.

Unipolar Bipolar
• there are two winding per phase. • Single winding per phase/pole
• The direction of current need to be changed
• The two winding may have a one lead common (centre tapped) by the driving circuit so the driving circuit of
• Simple operation because there is no need to reverse the current the bipolar stepper becomes complex
in driving the circuit
 Example Circuit

Monostable circuit Astable circuit Shift Register/Sequencer circuit Line Driver Unipolar Stepper
Motor(5 lead)
 DC MOTORS
Uses and Applications

Arcelie T. Baguio
BET-EsET-NS-3A
Direct Current machines have numerous
applications. These applications range
from our daily life to any complex
applications
Brushless motors find applications in such
places as computer peripherals (disk drives,
printers), hand-held power tools and vehicles
ranging from model aircraft to automobiles.

They are essentially used in applications that

require high efficiency, longevity and worth
to the cost.
 Applications for Brushless
Motor

- Transport
-Cordless tools
- Heating and Ventilation
-Industrial Engineering
- Aeromodeling
- Radio-Controlled Cars
Brushed Motors continue to be used
for electrical propulsion, cranes,
paper machines and steel rolling
mills
Stepper motor are a robust motion
control technology and can be
found inside of many common
machines and equipment.
 Applications of Stepper DC
Motor
- 3D printing equipments
- Textile Machines
- Printing presses
- Gaming Machines
- Medical Imaging Machinery
- Welding Equipment
Thank You!
REFERENCES:
 https://www.microchip.com/stellent/groups/SiteComm_sg/documents/DeviceDoc/en543041.pdf
 https://www.electrical4u.com/brushless-dc-motors/
 https://www.electronicshub.org/dc-motor/
 https://
www.electricaltechnology.org/2016/12/stepper-motor-construction-types-and-modes-of-operation.html#what-is
-a-stepper-motor
 PETRUZELLA Elec Motors and Controls
 http://www.robotpark.com/Stepper-Motors
 https://howtomechatronics.com/how-it-works/electrical-engineering/stepper-motor/
 http://www.robotpark.com/Stepper-Motors