Environmental

Engineering
Lecture 6
Sources of Drinking Water
 Rivers: upland and lowland
 Lakes and reservoirs
 Groundwater aquifers
 Sea water (Desalination)
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
WATER
TREATMENT
PROCESSES
Selection of Treatment Process
PRE-TREATMENT OF WATER
 Steps required before standard treatment
processes
 Screening
 Storage, equalization
 Aeration
 Chemical pre-treatment: pre-chlorination
 PRE-TREATMENT OF WATER
Screening
 Coarse Screening
 typically inclined bars of 25 mm diameter and 100 mm spacing
 prevent large floating material
 Raking is facilitated by the inclination of the bars.
 Velocities are usually limited to about 0.5 mls through the screens
 Fine screens
 fine screens are fitted after the coarse screens if storage is not
provided,
 If there is storage then fine screens are placed at the outlet of the
storage tanks.
 typically mesh with openings about 6 mm diameter
 circular drum type or a traveling belt
 Micro screening.
 the mesh openings :range from 20 to 40 µm.
 used only as the main (physical) treatment process for relatively
uncontaminated waters.
 PRE-TREATMENT OF WATER
Storage and Equalization
 Storage
 Serve as a safety line in the event of pollution.
 Also serve as reservoirs in time of low supply
 Should be equivalent to 7 to 10 days of the average water
demand
 This period is good for settling and adequate to reduce most
pathogens by exposure to daylight
 Storage time of about 12h is commonly used to reduce
pumping costs and balance the demand
 Equalization
 Provide an 'equal' (or consistent) flow to the plant
 Equalization Example
cumulative equalized cumulative required
flow flow equalized flow storage
Design the size of hour
1
flow (m3/s) flow (m3/h)
0.13 468
(m3)
468
(m3/s)
0.139
flow (m3/h)
500
(m3)
500
(m3)
32
an equalization 2 0.12 432 900 0.139 500 1000 100
3 0.11 396 1296 0.139 500 1500 204
tank to balance 4 0.10 360 1656 0.139 500 2000 344
flow rates from a 5
6
0.08
0.06
288
216
1944
2160
0.139
0.139
500
500
2500
3000
556
840
municipal 7 0.08 288 2448 0.139 500 3500 1052
8 0.10 360 2808 0.139 500 4000 1192
wastewater as 9 0.12 432 3240 0.139 500 4500 1260
10 0.14 504 3744 0.139 500 5000 1256
given in columns 11 0.16 576 4320 0.139 500 5500 1180
(1) and (2) 12
13
0.18
0.20
648
720
4968
5688
0.139
0.139
500
500
6000
6500
1032
812
14 0.19 684 6372 0.139 500 7000 628
15 0.18 648 7020 0.139 500 7500 480
16 0.17 612 7632 0.139 500 8000 368
17 0.16 576 8208 0.139 500 8500 292
18 0.15 540 8748 0.139 500 9000 252
19 0.16 576 9324 0.139 500 9500 176
20 0.17 612 9936 0.139 500 10000 64
21 0.18 648 10584 0.139 500 10500 -84
22 0.16 576 11160 0.139 500 11000 -160
23 0.13 468 11628 0.139 500 11500 -128
24 0.10 360 11988 0.139 500 12000 12
0.139
 PRE-TREATMENT OF WATER
Aeration
 Aeration is the supply of oxygen from the atmosphere to water to
effect beneficial changes in the quality of the water.
 It is a common treatment process for groundwater and less
common for surface waters. Aeration is used :
1. To release excess H2S gas which may cause undesirable tastes and
odors.
2. To release excess CO2 which may have corrosive tendencies on
concrete materials.
3. To increase the O2 content of water in the presence of undesirable
tastes due to algae (fishy smell),
4. To increase the O2 content of water which may have negative taste,
color and stain properties due to the presence of iron and manganese
in solution. The addition of oxygen assists the precipitation of iron and
manganese.
 Aeration can be a simple mechanical process of spraying water
into the air and allowing it to fall over a series of cascades
(waterfalls), while absorbing or desorbing (stripping) oxygen in its
journey.
 PRE-TREATMENT OF WATER
Pre-chlorination
 Chemical pre-treatment is used to remove undesirable
properties of water (bacteria, algae or excess color) is a
more expensive process than chemical post-treatment.
 Pre-chlorination is used on low turbidity water with a
high coliform count.
 The chlorine is injected into the water stream and over
the period that it stays in the settling tanks,
 it oxidizes and precipitates iron and manganese.
 It also causes pathogenic kill and reduces color.
 Doses as much as 5 mg/l are used,
 Water authorities tend to use pre-chlorination at times of
the year when the surface water supply is likely to be
polluted from agricultural or industrial sources or when
excess organic matter is transported
 PRIMARY-TREATMENT OF
WATER
 Standard treatment is the set of unit
processes that reduce color, turbidity and
particulate impurities to acceptable levels
 Standard treatment consists of the following
unit processes:
 Sedimentation
 Coagulation and flocculation
 Sedimentation of flocculent particles
 Filtration
 PRIMARY-TREATMENT OF WATER
Sedimentation
 Sedimentation by definition is the solid-liquid separation
using gravity settling to remove suspended solids'
(Reynolds, 1982).
 In water treatment, sedimentation processes used are:
 Type L: to settle out discrete non-flocculent particles in a
dilute suspension.
 Type n: to settle out flocculent panicles in a dilute
suspension

 Type L Settling tanks are of two types:

 Rectangular
 length width ratio of 2 and a depth of the order of 1.5 to 6m.
 Circular
 Dimensions typically are 10 to 50 m in diameter and 2.5 to 6m
in depth
Rectangular
Sedimentation
Tank
Circular
Sedimentation
Tank
Sedimentation tank design
 Key parameters and typical values in
the design of settling tanks:
 Surface overflow rate:
 20-35 m3/day/m2
 Detention time:
 2-8 hours
 Weir overflow rate:
 150-300 m3/day/m
Sedimentation tank design
 Stokes law for settling velocity
Sedimentation tank design
 Stokes law for settling velocity
Sedimentation tank design
Sedimentation tank design

Surface overflow rate,

Same for circular tanks

Surface area
Sedimentation tank design
example
Sedimentation tank design
example
Sedimentation tank design
example

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