SIGN AND SYMPTOMS IN

NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES

Dr Nelly Y Rumpaisum G Sp S

Department of Neurology
Medical Faculty Padjadjaran University
Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung
Due to location
Cerebral
Hemisphere Cerebellum
Brain section
Central Nerves System
Cervical
Medulla Thoracal
spinalis Lumbosacral

Nucleus

Peripheral nerves system Ganglion

Nerve root
 Paralytic / damage

Due to pathophysiology

Initative – disturbance of transmision

Cardinal symptoms

General cerebral disorders

 High intracranial pressure

Consciousness  Intoxication

 Metabolic disorders

Focal cerebral disorders

 Disturbances of ARAS /
brain stem
Cardinal symptoms

Meningeal irritation : - Infection

- Haemorrhage

- Radix irritation
 Cerebral : hemiparese, hemiplegy
- Vascular
- Infection
Motor dysfunction : - central - SOL
- Degenerative process

Medullar : segmental paralytic

- Upper motor / central

 Hypertonic / spastic

 Hyperreflexia

 Pathological reflex
 Cranial nerve

- Perifer

Segmental : - Myotomal
- Radiculopathy
- Neuropathy
- Lower motor :

 Hypotonic / flacid

 Hypo / areflexia
Sensoric dysfunction :
 Exteroceptive
 Pain
 Temperature
 Touch
 Proprioceptive
 Vibration
 Deep pain
 Position
 Cerebral
 Cortical
 Thalamic
 Medullar
 Radicular
 Organic
Autonomic :

 Symphatic Regulation of blood pressure,

respiration, micturation, bowel
 Parasymphatic habit, sweating
Equilibrium :

 Central :

 Cerebellum

 Posterior medulla spinalis

 Peripheral :

 Vestibular
Higher Cortical Dysfunction :
 Cognitive dysfunction
 Neurobehaviour
 Memory
 Immediate
 Recent
 Long term memory
 Language
 Verbal
 Non verbal
 Dyslexia
 Dysgraphia
 Orientation
 Time
 Place
 Person
 Praxis

 Calculation

 Insight

 Executive function

 Visuospatial

 Emotion
Higher Cortical Dysfunction :

 Degenerative  Dementia

 Vascular  Stroke

 SOL  Intracranial tumor

 Neurotransmitter  Psychiatric disorder

Symptoms :

 Memory problem

 Executive dysfunction

 Language dysfunction, aphasia

 Disorientation

 Disinhibition

 Behaviour disturbances

 Dispraxia