Prerequisites

• Material and Energy Balance

• Heat and Mass Transfer
• Separation Processes
Equipment Symbols
Piping and pipeline design
• A pipeline is a circular conduit used to convey process fluid from one
location in the system to another. A pipeline consists of a circular pipe
full of fluid, the process fluid, and the valves and fittings used to direct
the flow of fluid through the pipe in the operation. Each of these
items affects the head loss in the pipeline. Most fluids used in
industrial applications are Newtonian, meaning that their viscosity
does not change with the rate of flow. Water, oils, solvents and
petroleum products are examples of Newtonian fluids. It is evident
that pipe is one element or a part of piping. Therefore, pipe sections
when joined with fittings, valves, and other mechanical equipment
and properly supported by hangers and supports, are called piping..
Piping Codes

IPS
(Initially a system known as iron pipe size (IPS) was established to
designate the pipe size. The size represented the approximate inside
diameter of the pipe in inches. An IPS 6 pipe is one whose inside
diameter is approximately 6 inches (in).
NPS
Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a dimensionless designator of pipe size. It
indicates standard pipe size when followed by the specific size
designation number without an inch symbol.
For example, NPS 2 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is 2.375 in.
The NPS 12 and smaller pipe has outside diameter greater than the size
designator (say, 2, 4, 6, . . .). However, the outside diameter of NPS 14
and larger pipe is the same as the size designator in inches. For
example, NPS 14 pipe has an outside diameter equal to 14 in. The
inside diameter will depend upon the pipe wall thickness specified by
the schedule number.
Schedule is expressed in numbers (5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 20S, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S,100, 120,
140, 160).
A schedule number indicates the approximate value of the expression 1000 P/S, where P is
the service pressure and S is the allowable stress, both expressed in pounds per square inch
(psi). The higher the schedule number, the thicker the pipe is. The outside diameter of each
pipe size is standardized. Therefore, a particular nominal pipe size will have a different inside
diameter depending upon the schedule number specified.
For example, the schedule number of ordinary steel pipe having an allowable stress of 10,000
psi for use at a working pressure of 350 psig would be:

Schedule Number = (1,000)(350/10,000) = 35 (approx. 40)

.
ASMEB36.19M does not cover all pipe sizes. Therefore, the dimensional
requirements of ASME B36.10M apply to stainless steel pipe of the
sizes and schedules not covered by ASME B36.19M.
DN
Diameter nominal (DN) is also a dimensionless designator of pipe size in
the metric unit system, developed by the International Standards
Organization (ISO).
• Head Loss in a Pipeline
• When fluid flows inside a pipeline, friction occurs between the
moving fluid and the stationary pipe wall. This friction converts some
of the fluid’s hydraulic energy to thermal energy. This thermal energy
cannot be converted back to hydraulic energy, so the fluid
experiences a drop in pressure. This conversion and loss of energy is
known as head loss.  The head loss in a pipeline with Newtonian fluids
can be determined using the Darcy equation
• Where:
hL = Head loss (feet of fluid)
f = Darcy friction factor (unitless)
L = Pipe length (feet)
D = Inside pipe diameter (feet)
v = Fluid velocity (feet/sec)
g = Gravitational constant (32.2 feet/sec2)
d = Inside pipe diameter (inches)
Q = Volumetric flow rate (gallons/minute)
• If the Reynolds number shows that the flow is laminar then we need to use
Moody chart. But if the flow is turbulent then we have to look through the
Moody chart. 

• At first you have to calculate the relative roughness of the pipe. Relative
roughness is gained by dividing the roughness of the pipe with that pipe's
diameter. Relative roughness have to dimensionless so diameter and
roughness should be in the same unit. 

•  If the actual or wall roughness is zero then relative roughness will also be
zero. But you will always get value for the friction factor