QUESTIONS.

1.Explain the following types of distribution

systems;
(a)Dead End; In the dead end ecosystem also called tree system
one main pipeline runs through the center of the populated area and
sub -main branch off from side .The sub-mains divide into several
branch lines from both side .The sub mains divide into several branch
lines from which service connection is provided.
ADVANTAGES OF DEAD END SYSTEMS
 Design calculation is simple & easy.
 A smaller number of cut off valves are
required and the operation and
maintainace cost is low
 Pipe laying is simple.
DISADVANTAGES OF DEAD END SYSTEMS
 The system is less successful in maintaning
satisfactory pressure in remote areas and is
therefore not favoure in modern water
works practice.
 The one main pipelines provides
entire ,which id risk
 Head is so relativity high requires large
pipes.
(b)GRIDIRON; In this system the main supply one
runs through the center of the area and sub main
branch at in perpendicular direction. The branch
lines interconnect the there are no dead ends water
can reach a given point of withdrawal from several
direction, which permit more flesh operation
particular, when repair is required .System is ideal
for cities laid out on a rectangular plan resembing a
gridiron .
The distingushing feature of this system is that all of
the piper are interconnected and there are no
dead end. Water can reach a given point of
withdrawal from several directions, which permits
more flexible operation particularly when required.
ADVANTAGE S OF GRIDIRON
 Free circulation of water is without
stagnation or sediment deposit minimize of
pollution due to stagnation.
 Because if inter-connected water is
available at every point with minimum loss
head.
  Ensure water is available at street fire
hydrant as hydrant draws water from varies
branch.
DISADVANTAGES OF GRIDIRON
 A large number of cut off valves are
required.
 The system requires longer pipe length with
larger diameter.
 Analysis of discharge pressure & velocity in
the pipes.
 The cost of laying pipes is higher
(c)Circular or ring distribution: In a circular
or ring system the supply main form a ring around
the distribution are the branches are connected
cross to the main and also to each other ,This
system is the advantage and disadvantages of this
system. However, in case of five a lager quantity of
water is available and the length of the
distributions is much higher.
(d)Radial distribution system: In system the
whole Ares is divided into a number of distribution
districts. Each districts has a centrally located
distribution pipes run radically towards the periphery of
the distribution districts.
The system provides swiff service ,without much loss of
head .The design calculation are simple.
 2.A

surface reservoir receives water from

and impounding reservoir distance of
40km.The difference im levels between
the water level of this reserves is
120m .The two reservoir’s were
originally connected by a single pipeline
it is design to carry a maximum daily
requirements of 18,000,000 liters per
day .Its now desired to increase the
supply 25,000,000 liters per day laying
another pipeline of the same diameter
along the first one in a certain required
length. And cross connecting the two
using HAZEN WILLIAMS equations. Find;
(a)The diameter of the pipe.
(b)The length of the second pipe required to
be laid Take C=120 in hazen Williams
equation.