HEALTH STATISTICS

VITAL STATISTICS
• Direct health indicator
• Statistics on population and the characteristics
such as age and sex, Refers to the systemic
study of vital events such as births, illnesses,
marriages, divorces and deaths.
• Distribution are obtained from the NSO, the
office charged with registering vital facts in the
country.
• Births and deaths are registered in the Office
of the Local Civil Registrar of the municipality
or city. The local civil registrar of municipality
is usually municipal treasurer or the municipal
Health officer.
 Demographic data and vital statistics are
useful tools in:
1. Determining a community’s health status
2. Deciding what’s the best way for providing
health services
3. Planning a health program
4. Evaluating a program’s effectiveness
 Vital Statistics (events) includes:
1. Births
2. Deaths
3. Marriages
4. Divorces
 SOURCE OF DATA
1. Social observation
2. Family records
3. Population Census
4. Registration of vital data
5. Health survey
6. Studies and researches
– NSO
– HOSPITALS
– DOH
– OFFICE OF CITY REGISTRAR
 Technique in collecting data
1. Observation
2. Interviews
3. Surveys
 Measure of central tendency distribution
1. Mean
Ex. Four tests results: 15, 18, 22, 20
The sum is: 75
Divide 75 by 4: 18.75
2. Median
Ex. Find the Median of: 9, 3, 44, 17, 15 (Odd amount of numbers)
Line up your numbers: 3, 9, 15, 17, 44 (smallest to largest)
The Median is: 15 (The number in the middle)

Find the Median of: 8, 3, 44, 17, 12, 6 (Even amount of numbers)
Line up your numbers: 3, 6, 8, 12, 17, 44
Add the 2 middles numbers and divide by 2: 8 12 = 20 ÷ 2 = 10
3. Mode
Ex. Find the mode of: 9, 3, 3, 44, 17 , 17, 44, 15, 15, 15, 27, 40, 8
Put the numbers is order for ease:
3, 3, 8, 9, 15, 15, 15, 17, 17, 27, 40, 44, 44,
The Mode is: 15 (15 occurs the most at 3 times)

*It is important to note that there can be more than one mode and if no number occurs more than once in the
set, then there is no mode for that set of numbers.
4. Rate
– Number of probability events
– Rapidly but specific events occurring
– An expression of the frequency which no event occurs in a defined
population
5. Ratio
– Comparison
– Describe the relationship between 2 identical or distinct numerical
quantities
6. Proportion
– A type of ratio in which the numerator is included in the denominator.
The ratio of a part to the whole, expressed as a “decimal fraction”, as a
fraction or loosely as a percentage.
 3 rates used in vital statistics
1. Crude rates
• Computed for an entire population
2. Specific rates
• Consider differences among subgroups
computed by age, race, sex or other variables
3. Adjusted (Standardized) rates
• To make valid summary comparisons between 2
or more groups with different age (or other)
distributions.
 HEALTH INDICATORS
• A list of information determined the health of
a particular community particularly the
population.
• A list of information which would determine
the health of a particular community like
population, crude birth rate, crude death rate,
infant and maternal death rate, neonatal
death rates and tuberculosis death rate.
 TYPES OF HEALTH INDICATORS
1. CBR- Crude Birth Rate
2. CDR- Crude Death Rate
3. IMR- Infant Mortality/Morbidity Rate
4. MMR- Maternal Mortality/ Morbidity Rate
5. NDR- Neonatal Death Rate
6. Swaroop’s Index- deaths of people fifty (50)
years old and above.
 IMPORTANCE/IMPLICATION OF HEALTH
STATISTICS
1. It is a tool in planning, implementation and
evaluating health programs.
2. Serves as indexes of the health condition
obtaining in a community or population group.
3. Provide variables dues as to the nature of
health services or action needed.
4. Serves as basis for determining the success or
failure of such services or actions.
 Measurement of fertility
• Useful in addressing population control
problems. Also useful for planning maternal
and child health services as well as school
services.
 CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)
• Number of live births in a year/population,
quotient multiplied by 1000.
• Fertility rate

CBR= # of total registered live births x 1000

Population
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Population= 30,000,000
Live births= 250,000

CB= 250,000 x 1000

30,000,000
= 8.3 live births/1000 pop/year
 GENERAL FERTILITY RATE
• No. Of live births in a calendar year, divided by
the no. of women ages 15-44 at midyear,
quotient multiplied to 1000.
• Generate fertility rate includes only women of
child-bearing age, makes it more sensitive

GFR= no. of live births x 1000

women ages 15-44
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Live births= 7,500,000
# of women ages 15-44= 35,000,000

GFR= 7,500,000 X 1000

35,000,000
= 214.3 live births/1000 pop/year for
women ages 15-44
 MEASURES OF MORTALITY
• Each rate is a measure of the relative frequency
of deaths that occurred in a given population
over a specific time period (time at risk)
• Population size is usually defined as the
population at midyear (July 1)
• These measures estimate population at risk
(a+b)/time of one year. If this convention cannot
be met, then the calculation should really be
considered a “proportion” rather than a rate.
 CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)
• Annual Crude Death Rate
• Universally used as a generalized indicator of a
population’s death
• Decrease in population due to death
• Deaths/1000 population, measures the force of
mortality in a 1 year calendar.

CDR= # of total deaths x 1000

Estimated mid year population
 EXAMPLE
Given:
City population year 2007= 5000
Number of deaths=25

CDR= 25 X 1000
5000
= 5 deaths/1000 population/year
 Age-specific Death Rate
• Defined as the number of deaths in a specific
age group in a calendar year, divided by the
population of the same age group on July 1 of
that year, the quotient multiplied by 1000.

ASDR= deaths in an age group in a year x 1000

Pop. of the same age group of the same year
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Age group= 25-34 years old
Population= 5,000,000
Death= 200,000

ASDR= 200,000 X 1000

5,000,000
=40 deaths/1000 pop/year of age group 25-34
 CAUSE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE
• Defined as the no. of deaths assigned to a specific
cause in a calendar year, divided by the population
of that year, the quotient multiplied by 100,000.

CSDR= death to a specific cause in a year x 100,000

population of the same year
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Death due to accident= 4,000
Population= 5,000,000

CSDR= 4,000 x 100,000

5,000,000
= 80 accidental death/100,000 pop/year
 PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY RATIO
• Defined as the no. of deaths assigned to a specific
cause in a calendar year, divided by the total no. of
deaths in that year, the quotient multiplied by 100.

PMR= no. of deaths to a specific cause in a yr x 100

total no. of deaths of the same year
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Total death for all causes= 1,500,000
Death caused by cancer= 675,000

PMR= 675,000 x 100

1,500,000
= 45% of the total death/year from cancer
 INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR)
• Number of deaths of persons age 0-1 year in a
calendar year, divided by the number of live
births in that year, quotient multiplied by
1000.
• # of death under 1 year/ 1000 live births

IMR= # of deaths under 1 year x 1000

# of registered live births
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Live births=325,000
Infant deaths=1,750

IMR= 1,750 X 1000

325,000
= 5.38/infant death/1000 live births
 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)

• Number of deaths in a puerperal cause (child

bearing) in a calendar year, divided by the number
of live births in that year, the quotient multiplied
by 100,000.

MMR= # of deaths related to pregnancy x 100 000

# of registered live births
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Deaths due to puerperal causes= 275
Live births= 1,750, 000

MMR= 275 x 100 000

1,750,000
= 15.71 maternal death/100,000 live births/yr
 NEONATAL MORTALITY/ DEATH RATE
(NMR/NDR)
• Number of deaths of neonates (infants less than
28 days) in a calendar year, divided by the no. of
live births in that year, quotient multiplied by
1000.
• Neonatal mortality is important measure because
the majority of infant deaths occur during the
short time period following birth (just 28 days)
NDR= # of deaths under 28 days x 1000
# of registered live births
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Deaths at <28 days= 2,750
Live births= 325,000

NMR= 2,750 X 1000

325,000
= 8.5 neonatal deaths/1000 live births
 FETAL DEATH RATIO
• Number of fetal deaths in a calendar year, divided by
# of live births in that year, the quotient multiplied
by 1000.
• FETUS- defined as the delivery of a fetus that shows
no evidence of life (no heart action, breathing,
voluntary muscle movements), if the 20th week of
gestation has been completed or if the period of
gestation was unstated. If is applied to fetal deaths
during the second half of the pregnancy. No
reporting in early miscarriages.
FDR= no. of fetal deaths in a year x 1000
live births

EXAMPLE
Given: Fetal deaths=2,450
Live births= 525,000

FDR= 2,450 x 1000

525,000
= 4.7 fetal deaths/1000 live births
 PERINATAL MORTALITY PROPORTION

• Number of fetal deaths plus neonatal deaths,

divided by the no. of live births minus the no. of
fetal deaths, quotient multiplied by 1000.

PMP=no. of fetal deaths + neonatal deaths x 1000

Live births- fetal deaths
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Fetal deaths= 3,250
Neonatal deaths= 5,750
Live births= 475, 000

PMP= 3,250+ 5,750 x 1000

475,000-3,250
= 18.8 perinatal deaths/1000 fetal deaths plus
live births
 MORBIDITY
• Measures for program planning and
evaluation. It is not recorded as precisely as
mortality, therefore difficult to analyze.
 INCIDENCE RATE
• No. of newly reported cases of given disease in a
calendar year divided by the population on July 1
of that year, quotient multiplied by either 1000,
100 000, 1 000 000 (whatever convenient)
• IR= No. of newly reported disease x 1000,100 000,
population 1 000 000
 EXAMPLE
Given:
New case of AIDS= 5,250
Population= 35,000,000

IR= 5,250 X 100,000

35,000,000
= 15 new AIDS cases/100,000
 PREVALENCE PROPORTION
• Number of existing cases of disease at a given time,
divided by the population at that time, the quotient
multiplied by 1 000,100 000,1 000 000.

PP= No. of existing disease x 1 000,100 000,

Population 1 000 000
 EXAMPLE
Given:
Number of men alive w/ AIDS= 3,750
Population= 15,000,000 men

PP= 3,750 x 100,000

15,000,000
= 25 AIDS cases/100 000 men
 CASE FATALITY PROPORTION
• Number of deaths to a given cause in a certain
period, divided by # of cases of the disease
reported during the same period, quotient
multiplied by 100.
• Uses the relative no. of deaths as an indicator
of the disease severity. Used as a means of
showing the relative effectiveness of various
methods of treatment.
CFP= no. of deaths to a given cause x 100
no. of cases of the disease reported

EXAMPLE
Given:
Number of male AIDS= 45,000
Deaths from disease= 37,000

CFP= 37,000 X 100

45,000
=82.2% mortality reported cases of AIDS