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Advanced Accounting

Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 3
An Introduction to
Consolidated Financial
Statements

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Intro to Consolidations: Objectives
3.1 Recognize the benefits and limitations of
consolidated financial statements.
3.2 Understand requirements for including a subsidiary in
consolidated financial statements.
3.3 Apply consolidation concepts to parent company
recording of an investment in a subsidiary company
at the date of acquisition.
3.4 Record the fair value of a subsidiary at the date of
acquisition
3.5 Learn the concept of noncontrolling interest when a
parent company acquires less than 100 percent of a
subsidiary's outstanding common stock.

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Intro to Consolidations: Objectives (continued)
3.6 Prepare consolidated balance sheets subsequent to
the acquisition date, including preparation of
eliminating entries.
3.7 Amortize the excess of the fair value over the book
value in periods subsequent to the acquisition.
3.8 Apply the concepts underlying preparation of a
consolidated income statement.
3.9 Introduce the concept of push-down accounting.
3.10For the Students: Create an electronic spreadsheet
to prepare a consolidated balance sheet.

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3.1: Benefits and Limitations
An Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Business Acquisitions
Business combinations through stock acquisitions
– Acquire controlling interest in voting stock
– More than 50%
– May have control through indirect ownership

Business combination occurs once


– Acquisition of additional subsidiary stock is
simply additional investment.

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Consolidated Statements
– Primarily benefit the owners and creditors of the
parent
– Not primarily intended for the noncontrolling
owners nor the subsidiary’s creditors
– Subsidiaries issue separate statements for the
benefit of their owners and creditors.

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3.2: Subsidiaries
An Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

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What is a Subsidiary?
– A corporation becomes a subsidiary when
another corporation acquires controlling interest
in its outstanding voting stock.
– In a 100 percent acquisition, the investee
continues to operate as a separate legal entity.
– Subsidiaries, or affiliates, continue as separate
legal entities and prepare their own financial
reports.

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Subsidiaries Are Consolidated
Cases where a subsidiary may be excluded from
consolidation:
– Control doesn’t rest with majority owner
– Joint ventures
– Acquisitions of groups of assets that do not
constitute a business
– Combination between entities under common
control
– Combination of not-for-profit entities or
acquisition of a for-profit company by a not-for-
profit entity

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Consolidated Statements (continued)
Prepared by the parent company
Parent discloses
– Consolidation policy [SEC Reg. S-X, Rule 3A-03]
– Any exceptions to consolidation
Fiscal year-end for consolidated entity:
– Use parent's FYE, but
– May include subsidiary statements with FYE
within 3 months of parent's FYE.
● Disclose intervening material events

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Consolidated Financial Statement
• Consolidated financial statement is a statement
that presenting economic aspect of entities which
operate individually but are in one control
• Economic assumption: parent and subsidiary are
one entity
• anti trust Law require the principle of arm’s
length transaction

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Consolidated Procedures
• One year based eventhough control achieve less than 1
year
• Reciprocal transaction: Transaction of parent –
subsidiary
• Reciprocal accounts: came from reciprocal
transactions, must be eliminated on consolidated
statement
• Non controlling interest : Subsidiary’s equity that
allocated to other than parent , must be disclosed
separately on consolidated statement

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Consolidation Procedures

Consolidation statement = Parent statement + Subsidiaries statement – Reciprocal Accounts

Steps:
– Elimination entries of reciprocal accounts
– Combining parent-susidiary’s accounts , such
as parent-subsisiary ‘s cash, liabilities, etc
– Presenting consolidated accounts on
consolidated financial statement based on
accounting regulation
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Balancesheet PT A and PT B 31/12/2011 (in Rp.
000)
Accounts PT A PT B
Cash 750 1.000
Trade Receivables 4.000 2.000
Inventories 6.750 3.000
Investment on PT B 12.500

Building and equipment 7.000 6.000


Land 9.000 9.000
Total Asset 40.000 21.000
Trade Liabilities 5.000 3.500
Long term liabilities 10.000 5.000
Capital Stock 15.000 7.500
Retained earnings 10.000 5.000
Total liabilities & equities Rp 40.000 Rp 21.000

Information:
a. PT A has trade receivable Rp 3.000.000 from PT B
b. PT A’s acquired 100% shares of PT B.

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Reciprocal Accounts

• Elimination entry of trade liability- receivable

Trade liabilities Rp 3.000.000

Trace Receivables Rp 3.000.000

• Elimination entry of investment on stock and stock holders equitiy

Capital Stock 7.500.000

Retained Earnings 5.000.000

Investment on stock 12.500.000

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Consolidated Financial Statement
worksheet

Accounts Consolidate
d
Cash 750 + 1.000 Rp 1.750
Trade Receivables 4.000 + 2.000 – 3000 (eliminated 3.000
Inventories 6.750 + 3.000 9.750
Investment on stock 12.500 – 12.500 (eliminated) -
Buildings and Equipment 7.000 + 6.000 13.000
(net)
Land 9.000 + 9.000 18.000
Total Asset 45.500
Trade Liabilities 5.000 + 3.500 – 3.000 (eliminated) 5.500
Long term Liabilities 10.000 + 5.000 15.000
Capital Stock 15.000 + 7.500 –7.500 (eliminated) 15.000
Retained Earnings 10.000 + 5.000 – 5.000 (eliminated) 10.000
Total liabilities and Rp 45.500
equities

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Consolidated of subsidiariy – Less than 100% voting rights: 90%, no excess value

• elimination entries

• Elimination entriy of trade liability and receivable

Trade Liabilities Rp 3.000.000

Trade Receivables Rp.3.000.000

• Elimination entry of Parent’s investment and subsidiary’ stock hoder equities

Capital stock (90% X 7,5jt) 6.750.000

Retained Earnings (90% X 5 jt) 4.500.000

Investment on stock 11.250.000

or

Capital Stock Rp.7.500.000

Retained Earnings 5.000.000

Investment on Stock Rp 11.250.000

Non Controlling interest 1.250.000

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Consolidation of Special Purpose Entities
Assume PT A has no voting rights on PT B but control PT B due to a contract . Balancesheet of PT A
and PT B on 31/12/2011:

Accounts (Rp 000) PT A PT B

Cash 13.250 1.000

Trade Receivables 4.000 2.000

Inventories 6.750 3.000

Building and Plant assets (net) 7.000 6.000

Land 9.000 9.000

Total Asset 40.000 21.000

Trade Liabilities 5.000 3.500

Long Term Liabilities 10.000 5.000

Capital Stock 15.000 7.500

Retained Earnings 10.000 5.000

Total libilities and equities Rp 40.000 Rp 21.000

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Elimination entries

• Eliminastion of payable s – receivables Rp 3 millions

Trade liabilities Rp 3.000.000

Trade receivables Rp 3.000.000

• Reclasificaation stockholder equityies to NCI

Capital stock 7.500.000

Retained Earnings 5.000.000

Non Controllong Interest 12.500.000

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Accounts Consolidated
Cash Parent’s cash Rp 13.250 + subsidiary Rp 1.000 Rp 14.250
Accounts Receivables 4.000 + 2.000 – 3000 (eliminaated no.1) 3.000
Inventories 6.750 + 3.000 9.750
Building and equipment net) 7.000 + 6.000 13.000
Land 9.000 + 9.000 18.000
Total Asest 58.000
Trade Liabilities 5.000 + 3.500 – 3.000 (eliminated no.1) 5.500
Long term Liabilities 10.000 + 5.000 15.000
Capital Stock 15.000 + 7.500 –7.500 (eliminated no .2) 15.000
Retained Earnings 10.000 + 5.000 – 5.000 (eliminated no.2) 10.000
NCI 7.500 + 5.000 12.500
Total Assets Rp 58.000

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3.3: Consolidated Balance Sheet at
Date of Acquisition
An Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Pop Example:
Acquisition Cost = Fair Value = Book Value
Son’s Balance Sheet: Pop acquires 100% of Son for $80,
blank
BV=FV which equals the book value and fair
Cash $20 value of the net assets acquired.
Other current assets 30
Plant assets, net 80 Cost of acquisition $80
Total $130 Less 100% book value 80
Accounts payable $30
Other current liabilities 20 Excess of cost over book value $0
Capital stock 60
Retained earnings 20 To consolidate, eliminate Pop's
Total $130 Investment account and Son’s capital
stock and retained earnings.

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Balance Sheets
Balance Sheets Separate blank Consolidated
blank Pop Son Pop & Son
Cash $40 $20 $60
Other curr. assets 90 30 120
Plant assets, net 120 80 200
Investment in Son 80 0 0
Total $330 $130 $380
Accounts payable $40 $30 $70
Other curr. liabilities 50 20 70
Capital stock 200 60 200
Retained earnings 40 20 40
Total $330 $130 $380

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3.4: Fair Value at Acquisition Date
An Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Cost, Fair Value, and Book Value
Acquisition cost, fair values of identifiable net assets
and book values may differ.
– Allocate excess or deficiency of cost over book
value and determine goodwill, if any.
– When BV = FV
● Cost > BV, excess is goodwill
● Cost < BV, excess is a gain on the bargain
purchase

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BV ≠ FV ≠ Cost
Difference between the book value of net assets (BV)
and the fair value of identifiable net assets (FV) is
assigned to the specific assets or liabilities.
– E.g., undervalued or overvalued inventories,
plant assets
– Unrecorded assets (patents) or liabilities
(existing contingencies)
Difference between FV and Cost is goodwill or a gain
on the bargain purchase.

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Example: BV ≠ FV but Cost = FV
Phebe acquires 100% of Stone for $310.
Stone BV FV BV = 100 + 145
Cash $40 $40 = $245
Receivables 30 30
FV = 385 – 75
Inventory 50 75
Plant, net 200 240 = $310
Total $320 $385 Cost – FV = $0 goodwill
Liabilities $75 $75
Capital stock 100 blank Cost $310
Retained earnings 145 blank 100% Book value 245
Total $320 blank Excess of cost over BV $65

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Phebe and Stone
Allocate to: Amt Amort.
Inventory 100%(+25) 25 1st yr
Plant 100%(+40) 40 10 yrs
Total $65

Phebe's elimination worksheet entry blank blank

Capital stock (-SE) 100 blank


Retained earnings (-SE) 145 blank
Inventory (+A) 25 blank
Plant (+A) 40 blank
Investment in Stone (-A) blank 310

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Example: BV ≠ FV and Cost ≠ FV
Petra acquires 100% of Sammy for $530.
Sammy BV FV
Cash $100 $100 BV = 250 + 190 = $440
Receivables 40 40
FV = 580 – 85 = $495
Inventory 250 250
Plant, net 130 190 Cost – FV = $35 goodwill
Total $520 $580
Liabilities $80 $85
Cost $530
Capital stock 250 blank
100% Book value 440
Retained earnings 190 blank
Excess of cost over BV $90
Total $520 blank

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Petra and Sammy
Allocate to: Amount Amort.
Plant 60 4 yrs
Liabilities -5 5 yrs
Goodwill 35
Total $90

Petra's elimination worksheet entry Blank Blank


Capital stock (-SE) 250 Blank
Retained earnings (-SE) 190 Blank
Plant (+A) 60 Blank
Goodwill (+A) 35 Blank
Liabilities (+L) Blank 5
Investment in Sammy (-A) Blank 530

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Example: BV ≠ FV and Cost ≠ FV (continued)

Prime acquires 100% of Sun for $185.

Sun BV FV BV = 75 + 105 = $180


Cash $10 $10
FV = 250 - 40 = $210
Receivables 30 30
Inventory 80 90 Cost – FV = -$25:
Plant, net 100 120
Gain on bargain purchase
Total $220 $250
Liabilities $40 $40 Cost $185
Capital stock 75 blank
100% BV 180
Retained earnings 105 blank
Excess of cost over
Total $220 blank BV $5

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Prime and Sun
Allocate to: Amt Amort.
Inventory 10 1st yr
Plant, land 20 -
Bargain purchase (25) Gain
Total $5

Prime records the acquisition of Sun assuming a cash


purchase as follows. Note that the investment account is
recorded at its fair value and the bargain purchase is
treated immediately as a gain.
Investment in Sun (+A) 210 blank
Gain on bargain purchase (R, +SE) blank 25
Cash (-A) blank 185

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Worksheet Elimination Entry
Unamortized excess equals $30
● $10 for undervalued inventory
● $20 for undervalued land included in plant
assets
Prime’s elimination worksheet entry Blank blank
Capital stock (-SE) 75 blank
Retained earnings (-SE) 105 blank
Unamortized excess (+A) 30 blank
Investment in Sun (-A) blank 210
Inventory (+A) 10 blank
Plant (+A) 20 blank
Unamortized excess (-A) blank 30

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Worksheet
blank  Prime Sun Adjustments blank Consolidated
blank  BV BV DR CR blank
Cash $30 $10 blank blank $40
Receivables 50 30 blank blank 80
Inventory 100 80 10 blank 190
Plant, net 450 100 20 blank 570
Investment in Sun 210  blank  blank 210 0
Unamortized excess  blank  blank 30 30 blank
Total $840 $220 blank blank $880
Liabilities $270 $40 blank blank $310
Capital stock 200 75 75 blank 200
Retained earnings 370 105 105 blank 370
Total $840 $220   blank blank $880
blank blank blank 240 240  blank

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3.5: Noncontrolling Interests
An Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Noncontrolling Interest
Parent owns less than 100%
– Noncontrolling interest represents the minority
shareholders.
– Part of stockholders' equity
– Measured at fair value, based on parent's
acquisition price

Parent pays $40,000 for an 85% interest.


– Implied value of the full investee is
$40,000/85% = $47,059.
– Minority share = 15%(47,059) = $7,059
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Example: Noncontrolling Interests
Pop acquires 90% of Son for $90 when Son had
capital stock of $200 and retained earnings of $175.
Son's assets and liabilities equaled their fair values.

Cost of 90% of Son $90


Implied value of Son
$100
(90/90%) Allocate to:
Book value of net
identifiable assets- 80
liabilities Goodwill $20
Excess over book value $20

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Elimination Entry
Pop's elimination worksheet entry Blank Blank
Capital Stock (-SE) 60 blank
Retained Earnings (-SE) 20 blank
Goodwill (+A) 20 blank
Investment in Son (-A) blank 90
Noncontrolling interest (+SE) blank 10

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POP Corporation and Subsidiary Consolidated
Balance Sheet Workpapers January 1, 2016
(In Thousands) (1 of 2)
Adjustments and
blank Eliminations Consolidated Balance
Pop 100% Son Sheet

blank blank blank Debits Credits blank

Assets
Cash $ 20 $ 20 blank blank $ 40

Other current assets 90 30 blank blank 120

Plant assets 150 90 blank blank 240

Accumulated depreciation (30) (10) blank blank (40)

Investment in Son 100 blank blank a 100

Goodwill ____ ____ a 20 Blank 20

Total assets $330 $130 Blank Blank $380


̿̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿

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POP Corporation and Subsidiary Consolidated
Balance Sheet Workpapers January 1, 2016
(In Thousands) (2 of 2)
Adjustments and Consolidated Balance
blank Pop 100% Son Eliminations Sheet

blank blank blank Debits Credits blank


Liabilities and Equity
Accounts payable $ 40 $ 30 blank blank $ 70
Other current liabilities 50 20 blank blank 70

Capital stock―Pop 200 blank blank blank 200


Retained blank
40 blank blank 40
earnings―Pop
Capital stock―Son blank 60 a 60 blank blank

Retained
____ 20 a 20 ____ ____
earnings―Son

Total liabilities and


$330 $130 100 100 $380
stockholders’ equity
̿̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿ ̿

a. To eliminate reciprocal investment and equity accounts and to assign the excess of investment cost (fair value) over book value to
goodwill.

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3.6: Consolidated Balance Sheets After
Acquisition
An Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Balance Sheets After Acquisition
In preparing a consolidated balance sheet
– Eliminate the parent's Investment in Subsidiary
– Eliminate the subsidiary's equity accounts
(common stock, retained earnings, etc.)
– Adjust asset and liability accounts for any
unamortized excess balance
– Record goodwill, if any
– Record Noncontrolling Interest, if any

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Table: After 1 Year
After 1 year Pop Son blank Pop Son
Cash $54.8 $30 Liabilities $100 $50
Dividends Receivable 18 blank Capital stock 200 90
Other Current Assets 82 56 Retained earnings 72.8 40
Plant Assets, net 110 74 blank blank blank
Investment in Son 108 blank  blank blank blank
Total $372.8 $160 Total $372.8 $160

Pop’s elimination worksheet entry blank blank


Capital stock (-SE) 60 blank
Retained earnings (-SE) 40 blank
Goodwill (+A) 20 blank
Investment in Son (90%) (-A) blank 108
Noncontrolling interest (10%) (+SE) blank 12
Dividends Payable (-L) 18 blank
Dividends receivable (-A) blank 18
Accounts Payable (-L) 10 blank
Other current assets (-A) blank 10
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Table: After 1 Year (continued)
After 1 year Pop Son Adjustments Consolidated
blank  BV BV DR CR blank
Cash $54.8 $30 blank   blank $84.8
Dividends Receivable 18 blank  blank  18 0
Other Current Assets 82 56 blank  10 128
Plant Assets, Net 110 74 blank   blank 184
Investment in Son 108 blank  blank  108 0
Goodwill blank  blank  20  blank 20
Unamortized excess blank  blank  120 120 blank
Total $372.8 $160  blank  blank  $416.8
Accounts Payable $60 $30 10 blank  $80
Dividends Payable blank  20 18 blank  2
Other current liabilities 40 10 blank  blank  50
Capital stock 200 60 60 blank  200
Retained earnings 72.8 40 40 blank  72.8
Noncontrolling interest blank  blank blank  12 12
Total $372.8 $160 blank  blank  $416.8
blank  blank  blank  148 148  blank

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Key Balance Sheet Items
– Investment in Subsidiary does not exist on the
consolidated balance sheet.
– Equity on the consolidated balance sheet
consists of the parent's equity plus the
noncontrolling interest.
– Noncontrolling interest is proportional to the
Investment in Subsidiary account when the
equity method is used.
– $12 = $108 x .10/.90

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3.7: Amortizations After Acquisition
An Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Unamortized Excess
Excess assigned to assets and liabilities are amortized
according to the account.

Balance sheet Amortization Income statement


account period account
Inventories and Cost of sales and
Generally, 1st year
other current assets other expense
Remaining life at Depreciation and
Buildings,
business amortization
equipment, patents
combination expense
Land, copyrights Not amortized blank
Long-term debt Time to maturity Interest expense

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Phebe and Stone (continued)

Allocate to: Amt Amort.


Cost $310 Inventory 25 1st yr
100% BV 245 Plant 40 10 yrs
Excess $65 Total $65

blank Beginning Ending


Current year's
unamortized unamortized
amortization
excess excess
Inventory 25 (25) 0
Plant 40 (4) 36
Total 65 (29) 36

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Petra and Sammy (continued)
Allocate to: Amt Amort.
Cost $530 Plant 60 4 yrs
100% BV 440 Liabilities -5 5 yrs
Excess $90 Goodwill 35 -
Total $90

Beginning Ending
Current year's
blank unamortized unamortized
amortization
excess excess
Plant 60 (15) 45
Liabilities (5) 1 (4)
Goodwill 35 0 35
Total 90 (14) 76

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Prime and Sun (continued)
Allocate to: Amt Amort.
Cost $185 Inventory 10 1st yr
100% BV 180 Plant, land 20 -
Excess $5 Bargain purchase (25) Gain
Total $5

Beginning Ending
Current year's
blank unamortized
amortization
unamortized
excess excess
Inventory 10 (10) 0
Land 20 0 20
Total 30 (10) 20

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3.8: Consolidated Income Statements
An Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Comprehensive Example, Data (1 of 3)
Pam acquires 90% of Son on 12/31/2016 for
$10,200 when Son's equity consists of $4,000
common stock, $1,000 other paid in capital, and
$900 retained earnings. On that date Son's
inventories, land, and buildings are understated by
$100, $200, and $1,000, respectively, and its
equipment and notes payable are overstated by
$300 and $100.

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Comprehensive Example, Data (2 of 3)
Allocate to:
Cost of 90% of Sam $10,200 Inventory $100 1st yr
Land 200 -
Implied value of Sam
10,200/.90 $11,333 Building 1,000 40 yrs
Equipment (300) 5 yrs
Book value
Note payable 100 1st yr
(4000+1000+900) 5,900
Goodwill 4,333 -
Excess over book value $5,433
Total $5,433

blank Unamortized Current Unamortized excess


excess 1/1/12 amortization 12/31/12
Inventory 100 (100) 0
Land 200 0 200
Building 1,000 (25) 975
Equipment (300) 60 (240)
Note payable 100 (100) 0
Goodwill 4,333 0 4,333
Total 5,433 (165) 5,268

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Comprehensive Example, Data (3 of 3)
blank Pam Son Consol.*
Sales $9,523.50 $2,200.00 $11,723.50
Income from Son 571.50 blank $0.00
Cost of sales (4,000.00) (700.00) (4,800.00)
Depreciation exp - bldg (200.00) (80.00) (305.00)
Depreciation exp - equip (700.00) (360.00) (1,000.00)
Other expense (1,800.00) (120.00) (1,920.00)
Interest expense (300.00) (140.00) (540.00)
Net income $3,095.00 $800.00 blank
Total consolidated income blank blank $3,158.50
Noncontrolling interest share blank blank 63.50
Controlling interest share blank blank $3,095.00
* Cost of sales, building depreciation, and interest expense are
increased by $100, $25, and $100, and equipment depreciation
is $60 lower than the sum of Pam and Son.

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Key Income Statement Items
– The Income from Subsidiary account is
eliminated.
– Current period amortizations are included in the
appropriate expense accounts.
– Noncontrolling interest share of net income is
proportional to the Income from Subsidiary
under the equity method.

$571.50 x .10/.90
= $63.50

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3.9: Push-Down Accounting
An Introduction to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Push-Down Accounting
SEC requirement
– Subsidiary is substantially wholly-owned
(approx. 90%).
– No publicly held debt or preferred stock

Books of the subsidiary are adjusted.


– Assets, including goodwill, and liabilities are
revalued based on acquisition price.
– Retained earnings is replaced by Push-Down
Capital which includes retained earnings and the
valuation adjustments.

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