Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Compensatory Behaviors
– Purging
• Self-induced vomiting, diuretics,
laxatives
– Some exercise excessively, whereas
others fast
Bulimia Nervosa: Overview and Defining
Features (continued)
• Associated Features
– Most show marked disturbance in body
image
– Most are comorbid for other psychological
disorders
– Methods of weight loss have life
threatening consequences
Binge-Eating Disorder: Overview and
Defining Features
• Associated Features
– Many persons with binge-eating disorder
are obese
– Concerns about shape and weight
– Often older than bulimics and anorexics
– More psychopathology vs. non-binging
obese people
Bulimia and Anorexia: Facts and Statistics
• Bulimia
– Majority are female
– Onset around 16 to 19 years of age
– Lifetime prevalence is about 1.1% for
females, 0.1% for males
– 6-8% of college women suffer from bulimia
– Tends to be chronic if left untreated
Bulimia and Anorexia: Facts and Statistics
(continued)
• Anorexia
– Majority are female and white
– From middle-to-upper middle class families
– Usually develops around age 13 or early
adolescence
– More chronic and resistant to treatment
than bulimia
• Both Bulimia and Anorexia Are Found in
Westernized Cultures
Causes of Bulimia and Anorexia: Toward an
Integrative Model
• Psychosocial Treatments
– Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
• Is the treatment of choice
• Basic components of CBT
– Interpersonal psychotherapy
• Results in long-term gains similar to
CBT
Goals of Psychological Treatment of
Anorexia Nervosa
• Medical Treatment
– Sibutramine (Meridia)
• Psychological Treatment
– CBT
• Similar to that used for bulimia
• Appears efficacious
Medical and Psychological Treatment of
Binge Eating Disorder (continued)
– Interpersonal psychotherapy
• Equally as effective as CBT
– Self-help techniques
• Also appear effective
p. 342
Obesity: Background and Overview
• Causes
– Obesity is related to technological
advancement
– Genetics account for about 30% of obesity
cases
– Biological and psychosocial factors
contribute as well
Obesity Treatment
• Treatment
– Moderate success with adults
– Greater success with children and
adolescents
• Treatment Progression -- From least-to-most
intrusive options
Obesity Treatment (continued)
• First step
– Self-directed weight loss programs
• Second step
– Commercial self-help programs
• Third step
– Behavior modification programs
• Last step
– Bariatric surgery
p. 342
Binge Eating Disorder-DSM-5
B. The binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following:
1. eating much more rapidly than normal
2. eating until feeling uncomfortably full
3. eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry
4. eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating
5. feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterwards
D. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for three months.
E. The binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate
compensatory behavior (for example, purging) and does not occur exclusively
during the course Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, or Avoidant/Restrictive Food
Intake Disorder.
Anorexia Nervosa- DSM-5
A. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly
low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and
physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less
than minimally normal, or, for children and adolescents, less than that
minimally expected. (*Rewording of DSM-IV criterion to focus on behavior,
not refusal to maintain body weight)
B. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that
interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight.
(*Addition of behavioral clause, as many deny fear)
C. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced,
undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent
lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
(*Criterion D – Amenorrhea – deleted; many exhibit some menstrual activity,
does not apply to pre-menarchal females, post-menarchal females, those
taking modern oral contraceptives, and males)
• Associated Features
– Cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and
hypnagogic hallucinations
– Daytime sleepiness does not remit without
treatment
The Dyssomnias: Overview of Breathing-
Related Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia
– Benzodiazepines and over-the-counter
sleep medications
– Prolonged use
• Can cause rebound insomnia,
dependence
– Best as short-term solution
Medical Treatments (continued)
• Phase delays
– Moving bedtime later (best approach)
• Phase advances
– Moving bedtime earlier (more difficult)
• Use of very bright light
– Trick the brain’s biological clock
Psychological Treatments
• Combined Treatments
– Insomnia – Short-term medication plus
psychotherapy
– Other Dyssomnias
• Little evidence for the efficacy of
combined treatments
Sleep Hygiene
• Have a bed time routine – same time, and strive for the same number of hours
each night – “in and out” at the same time.
• Determine your “standard” number of hours for sleep – it changes with age
• Be careful of stimulants 2 hours before bed time
• No alcohol, heavy food, smoking before 4-6 hours before bed
• Your bed is for two purposes – one is sleep – the other….! Do not eat, watch
TV, do papers, or online work in bed
• Do not exercise two hours before bed time
• Keep room cool; dark
• Set up “white noise” - if outside noises bother you
• Identify stressors and try to cope with them
• Get up if you do not sleep in 20-30 minutes
• Get out in the sunshine 20 minutes per day
• Relaxing activities 30 minutes before bed – relaxation, meditation, Dr. Seuss;
music (soft);
• Snore? Sleepy all day? Taking frequent naps? New meds? Check it out!
• Bedrooms are “No Tech Zones”!
The Parasomnias: Nature and General
Overview
• Nature of Parasomnias
– The problem is not with sleep itself
– Problem is abnormal events during sleep,
or shortly after waking
The Parasomnias: Nature and General
Overview (continued)
• Nightmare Disorder
– Occurs during REM sleep
– Involves distressful and disturbing dreams
– Such dreams interfere with daily life
functioning and interrupt sleep
The Parasomnias: Overview of Nightmare
Disorder (continued)
• Related Conditions
– Nocturnal eating syndrome – Person eats
while asleep
Summary of Eating and Sleep Disorders
Disorder of Arousal - Includes previous diagnoses of Sleepwalking Disorder and Sleep Terror
Disorder.
A. Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep usually occurring during the first
third of the major sleep episode.
B. Subtypes
1. Confusional Arousals - Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep without
terror or ambulation, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode.
There is a relative lack of autonomic arousal such as mydriasis, tachycardia, rapid
breathing, and sweating during an episode.
2. Sleepwalking - Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about,
usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode. While sleepwalking, the
person has a blank, staring face, is relatively unresponsive to the efforts of others to
communicate with him or her, and can be awakened only with great difficulty.
3. Sleep terrors - Recurrent episodes of abrupt awakening from sleep, usually occurring
during the first third of the major sleep episode and beginning with a panicky scream.
There is intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal, such as mydriasis, tachycardia,
rapid breathing, and sweating, during each episode.
C. Relative unresponsiveness to efforts of others to comfort the person during the episode.
D. No detailed dream is recalled and there is amnesia for the episode.
E. The episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning.
The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of
abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition.
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia Disorder
A. The predominant complaint is dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality made by the patient (or by a caregiver or
family in the case of children or elderly).
B. Report of one or more of the following symptoms:
-Difficulty initiating sleep; in children this may be manifested as difficulty initiating sleep without caregiver
intervention, Difficulty maintaining sleep characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep
after awakenings (in children this may be manifested as difficulty returning to sleep without caregiver
intervention), Early morning awakening with inability to return to sleep, Non restorative sleep, Prolonged
resistance to going to bed and/or bedtime struggles (children)
C. The sleep complaint is accompanied by significant distress or impairment in daytime functioning as indicated by the
report of at least one of the following:
-Fatigue or low energy, Daytime sleepiness , Cognitive impairments (e.g., attention, concentration, memory), Mood
disturbance (e.g., irritability, dysphoria), Behavioral problems (e.g., hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression),
Impaired occupational or academic function, Impaired interpersonal/social function, Negative impact on caregiver
or family functioning (e.g., fatigue, sleepiness
D. The sleep difficulty occurs at least three nights per week.
E. The sleep difficulty is present for at least three months.
F. The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate age-appropriate circumstances and opportunity for sleep. Duration:
1. Acute insomnia (<1 month)
2. Sub acute insomnia (1-3 months)
3. Persistent insomnia (> 3 months)
Clinically Comorbid Conditions:
-Psychiatric disorder (specify)
-Medical disorder (specify)
-Another disorder (specify)
Sleep Disorders
• Narcolepsy/Hypocretin Deficiency
A. Recurrent daytime naps or lapses into sleep that occurs daily or
almost daily over at least the last 3 months (when the patient is
untreated).
B. The presence of one or both of the following:
1. Cataplexy defined as brief (a few seconds to 2 minutes)
episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone with maintained
consciousness, most often in association with laughter or joking.
These episodes must occur at least a few times per month
providing the patient is untreated for this symptom.
2. Hypocretin deficiency, as measured using CSF hypocretin-1
immunoreactivity measurements (<1/3 of normal reference
values).
C. Do not occur exclusively during the course of another mental or
medical disorder but may occur simultaneously with these
disorders.
Sleep Disorders
Nightmare Disorder
A. Repeated awakenings from the major sleep period or naps with
detailed recall of extended and extremely dysphoric dreams,
usually involving active efforts to avoid threats to survival,
security, or physical integrity. The awakenings generally occur
during the second half of the sleep period.
B. On awakening from the dysphoric dreams, the person rapidly
becomes oriented and alert (in contrast to the confusion and
disorientation seen in Sleep Terror Disorder and some forms of
epilepsy).
C. The dream experience, or the sleep disturbance resulting from the
awakening, causes clinically significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
D. The nightmares do not occur exclusively during the course of
another mental disorder (e.g., a delirium, Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder) and are not due to the direct physiological effects of a
substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general
medical condition.