Fundamentals of Gears: Pichet Pinit

MTE 427 MACHINE DESIGN
Fundamentals of Gears
Pichet Pinit
7 Sep, 2008
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Gear
Gears are toothed cylindrical wheels used for transmitting

mechanical power from one rotating shaft to another.
Several types of gears are in common use. Four principal

types of gears are:
• Spur gears
• Helical gears
• Bevel gears
• Worm gears.
Page  2
Type of Gear


types of gears are:
• Spur gears
• Helical gears
• Bevel gears
• Worm gears.
Page  3
Type of Gear


types of gears are:
• Spur gears
• Helical gears
• Bevel gears
• Worm gears.
Page  4
Type of Gear


types of gears are:
• Spur gears
• Helical gears
• Bevel gears
• Worm gears.
Page  5
Type of Gear


types of gears are:
• Spur gears
• Helical gears
• Bevel gears
• Worm gears.
Page  6
Gear Materials and Useful Ratios
Page  7
Common Gear Types and Pinion Shafts
Page  8
Load Distribution on Gear Faces
Page  9
Nomenclature of Spur Gear
Page  10
Pitch circle. This is a theoretical circle on which calculations are

based. Its diameter is called the pitch diameter.
Page  11
Circular pitch. This is the distance from a point on one tooth to the
corresponding point on the adjacent tooth measured along the pitch
circle.
Page  12
Tooth thickness. This is the distance from a point on one face of

tooth to the corresponding point on the adjacent face of the same
tooth measured along the pitch circle.
Page  13
Module. This is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth.
The unit of the module should be millimeters (mm). The module is
defined by the ratio of pitch diameter and number of teeth.
Page  14
Diametral pitch. This is the ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch
diameter. Thus, it is the reciprocal of the module. Since diametral pitch
is used only with U.S. units, it is expressed as teeth per inch.
Page  15
Addendum, a. This is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the
outside of the tooth.
Dedendum, b. This is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the
bottom land.
Page  16
Clearance circle. This is a circle that is tangent to the addendum

circle of the mating gear.
Clearance, c. This is the is the amount by which the dedendum in a
given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear.
Page  17
Conjugate Action
Mating gear teeth acting against each

other to produce rotary motion are
similar to cams. When the tooth profiles,
or cams, are designed so as to produce
a constant angular velocity ratio during
meshing, these are said to have
conjugate action.
Page  18
Involute Profile
Mating gear teeth acting against each

other to produce rotary motion are
similar to cams. When the tooth profiles,
or cams, are designed so as to produce
a constant angular velocity ratio during
meshing, these are said to have
conjugate action.
One of these solutions is the

involute profile, which, with few
exceptions, is in universal use
for gear teeth.
Page  19
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: gear ratio
When two gears are in mesh, their pitch circles roll on one another
without slipping. Then the pitch-line velocity must be constant.
Designate the pitch radii as and and the angular velocities as
and , respectively.
Gear ratio
Page  20
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: gear drawing
gear layout
pressure angle
The angle is called the pressure

angle, and it usually has values of
20 or 25 degree, with the 20 degree
form most widely available.
Page  21
Page  22
Page  23
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: important parameter
Page  24
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: important parameter
Page  25
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: interference (Length of contact)
Length of contact
Non-standard gear:
Standard gear:
Page  26
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: interference (Length of contact)
Interference will occur when
or
or
Page  27
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: contact ratio
Gears should not generally be

designed having contact ratios
less than about 1.40, because
inaccuracies in mounting
might reduce the contact ratio
even more, increasing the
possibility of impact between
the teeth as well as an
increase in the noise level.
Contact ratio. It is a number that indicates the average number of pairs

of teeth in contact. Note that this ratio is also equal to the length of the
path of contact divided by the base pitch.
Page  28
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: interference (Smallest Teeth Number)
Interference will occur when the

points of tangency of the pressure
line with the base circles C
and D are located inside of points
A and B.
The smallest number of teeth on a

spur pinion and gear, one-to-one
gear ratio, which can exist without
interference is
where k = 1 for full-depth teeth, 0.8 for

stub teeth and = pressure angle.
Page  29

A and B.
If the mating gear has more teeth
than the pinion, that is,
is more than one, then the

smallest number of teeth on the
pinion without interference is
given by
Page  30

A and B.
The largest gear with a specified
pinion that is interference-free is
Page  31

A and B.
The smallest spur pinion that will
operate with a rack without
interference is
Page  32
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: Tooth System
The smallest spur pinion that will

operate with a rack without
interference is
Page  33
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: Tooth System
Page  34
Fuandamentals of Gear Design: Gear Force Analysis
Page  35
Page  36
Page  37
Ex.
Ex.
Page  38

Fundamentals of Gears: Pichet Pinit

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MTE 427 MACHINE DESIGN

Gears are toothed cylindrical wheels used for transmitting

Several types of gears are in common use. Four principal

Gears are toothed cylindrical wheels used for transmitting

Several types of gears are in common use. Four principal

Gears are toothed cylindrical wheels used for transmitting

Several types of gears are in common use. Four principal

Gears are toothed cylindrical wheels used for transmitting

Several types of gears are in common use. Four principal

Gears are toothed cylindrical wheels used for transmitting

Several types of gears are in common use. Four principal

Pitch circle. This is a theoretical circle on which calculations are

Tooth thickness. This is the distance from a point on one face of

Clearance circle. This is a circle that is tangent to the addendum

Mating gear teeth acting against each

Mating gear teeth acting against each

One of these solutions is the

The angle is called the pressure

Interference will occur when

Gears should not generally be

Contact ratio. It is a number that indicates the average number of pairs

Interference will occur when the

The smallest number of teeth on a

where k = 1 for full-depth teeth, 0.8 for

Interference will occur when the

is more than one, then the

Interference will occur when the

Interference will occur when the

The smallest spur pinion that will

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