Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JOHN S. LOUCKS
St. Edward’s University
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Summarizing Qualitative Data
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency
Percent Frequency Distribution
Bar Graph
Pie Chart
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Frequency Distribution
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Example: Marada Inn
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Example: Marada Inn
Frequency Distribution
Rating Frequency
Poor 2
Below Average 3
Average 5
Above Average 9
Excellent 1
Total 20
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Relative Frequency Distribution
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Percent Frequency Distribution
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Example: Marada Inn
Relative Percent
Rating Frequency Frequency
Poor .10 10
Below Average .15 15
Average .25 25
Above Average .45 45
Excellent .05 5
Total 1.00 100
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Bar Graph
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Example: Marada Inn
Bar Graph
9
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
Rating
Poor Below Average Above Excellent
Average Average
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Pie Chart
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Example: Marada Inn
Pie Chart
Exc.
Poor
5%
10%
Below
Average
Above
15%
Average
45%
Average
25%
Quality Ratings
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Example: Marada Inn
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Summarizing Quantitative Data
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency
Distributions
Dot Plot
Histogram
Cumulative Distributions
Ogive
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
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Frequency Distribution
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Frequency Distribution
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Frequency Distribution
If we choose six classes:
Approximate Class Width = (109 - 52)/6 = 9.5 10
Cost ($) Frequency
50-59 2
60-69 13
70-79 16
80-89 7
90-99 7
100-109 5
Total 50
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Relative Percent
Cost ($) Frequency Frequency
50-59 .04 4
60-69 .26 26
70-79 .32 32
80-89 .14 14
90-99 .14 14
100-109 .10 10
Total 1.00 100
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
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Dot Plot
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Dot Plot
... ..
.. .. .
.. .
.. .. .
. . . ..... .......... .. . .. . . ... . .. .
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Cost ($)
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Histogram
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Histogram
18
16
14
Frequency
12
10
8
6
4
2
Parts
Cost ($)
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
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Cumulative Distribution
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Cumulative Distributions
Cumulative Cumulative
Cumulative Relative Percent
Cost ($) Frequency Frequency Frequency
< 59 2 .04 4
< 69 15 .30 30
< 79 31 .62 62
< 89 38 .76 76
< 99 45 .90 90
< 109 50 1.00 100
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Ogive
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Ogive
• Because the class limits for the parts-cost data are
50-59, 60-69, and so on, there appear to be one-unit
gaps from 59 to 60, 69 to 70, and so on.
• These gaps are eliminated by plotting points
halfway between the class limits.
• Thus, 59.5 is used for the 50-59 class, 69.5 is used
for the 60-69 class, and so on.
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
100
80
60
40
20
Parts
Cost ($)
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
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Exploratory Data Analysis
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Stem-and-Leaf Display
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Stem-and-Leaf Display
5 2 7
6 2 2 2 2 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9
7 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 9 9
8 0 0 2 3 5 8 9
9 1 3 7 7 7 8 9
10 1 4 5 5 9
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Stretched Stem-and-Leaf Display
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Leaf Units
• A single digit is used to define each leaf.
• In the preceding example, the leaf unit was 1.
• Leaf units may be 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and so on.
• Where the leaf unit is not shown, it is assumed to
equal 1.
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Example: Leaf Unit = 0.1
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Example: Leaf Unit = 10
Leaf Unit = 10
16 8
17 1 9
18 0 3
19 1 7
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Crosstabulations and Scatter Diagrams
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Crosstabulation
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Example: Finger Lakes Homes
Crosstabulation
The number of Finger Lakes homes sold for each
style and price for the past two years is shown below.
< $99,000 18 6 19 12 55
> $99,000 12 14 16 3 45
Total 30 20 35 15 100
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Example: Finger Lakes Homes
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Crosstabulation: Row or Column Percentages
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Example: Finger Lakes Homes
Row Percentages
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Example: Finger Lakes Homes
Column Percentages
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Scatter Diagram
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Scatter Diagram
A Positive Relationship
y
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Scatter Diagram
A Negative Relationship
y
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Scatter Diagram
No Apparent Relationship
y
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Example: Panthers Football Team
Scatter Diagram
The Panthers football team is interested in
investigating the relationship, if any, between
interceptions made and points scored.
x = Number of y = Number of
Interceptions Points Scored
1 14
3 24
2 18
1 17
3 27
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Example: Panthers Football Team
Scatter Diagram
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 x
0 1 2 3
Number of Interceptions
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Example: Panthers Football Team
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Tabular and Graphical Procedures
Data
Qualitative Data Quantitative Data
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End of Chapter 2
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