Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jighyasu Gaur
Statistics
•The term statistics can refer to
numerical facts such as averages,
medians, percent, and index numbers
that help us understand a variety of
business and economic situations.
2
•Data
– Data are facts and figures collected, analysed,
and summarized for presentation and
interpretation.
•Data Set
– All the data collected in a particular study are
referred to as the data set for the study.
3
What is Categorical data?
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Summarizing Categorical Data
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency Distribution
Percent Frequency Distribution
Bar Chart
Pie Chart
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Frequency Distribution
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Frequency Distribution
Slide7
Frequency Distribution
Rating Frequency
Poor 2
Below Average 3
Average 5
Above Average 9
Excellent 1
Total 20
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Relative Frequency Distribution
Slide9
Percent Frequency Distribution
Slide10
Relative Frequency and
Percent Frequency Distributions
Example: Marada Inn
Relative Percent
Rating Frequency Frequency
Poor .10 10
Below Average .15 15
Average .25 25 .10(100) = 10
Above Average .45 45
Excellent .05 5
Total 1.00 100
1/20 = .05
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Bar Chart
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Bar Chart
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Pareto Diagram
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Pie Chart
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Pie Chart
Slide16
Example: Marada Inn
Slide17
Summarizing Quantitative Data
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency and
Percent Frequency Distributions
Dot Plot
Histogram
Cumulative Distributions
Ogive
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Frequency Distribution
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Frequency Distribution
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Frequency Distribution
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Frequency Distribution
Slide22
Frequency Distribution
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Frequency Distribution
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Frequency Distribution
Slide25
Frequency Distribution
Slide26
Relative Frequency and
Percent Frequency Distributions
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
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Relative Frequency and
Percent Frequency Distributions
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Insights Gained from the % Frequency Distribution:
• Only 4% of the parts costs are in the $50-59 class.
• 30% of the parts costs are under $70.
• The greatest percentage (32% or almost one-third)
of the parts costs are in the $70-79 class.
• 10% of the parts costs are $100 or more.
Slide28
Histogram
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Histogram
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Histograms Showing Skewness
Symmetric
• Left tail is the mirror image of the right tail
• Examples: heights and weights of people
.35
.30
Relative Frequency
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
Slide31
Histograms Showing Skewness
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Histograms Showing Skewness
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Histograms Showing Skewness
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
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Cumulative Distributions
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Cumulative Distributions
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Cumulative Distributions
Cumulative Cumulative
Cumulative Relative Percent
Cost ($) Frequency Frequency Frequency
< 59 2 .04 4
< 69 15 .30 30
< 79 31 2 + 13 .62 15/50 62 .30(100)
< 89 38 .76 76
< 99 45 .90 90
< 109 50 1.00 100
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Descriptive Statistics
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Descriptive Statistics
Slide39
Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Measures
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
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Measures of Location
Mean
If the measures are computed
Median
for data from a sample,
Mode they are called sample statistics.
Percentiles
Quartiles If the measures are computed
for data from a population,
they are called population parameters.
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Mean
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Sample Mean
Number of
observations
in the sample
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Population Mean m
Number of
observations in
the population
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Sample Mean
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Sample Mean
445 615 430 590 435 600 460 600 440 615
440 440 440 525 425 445 575 445 450 450
465 450 525 450 450 460 435 460 465 480
450 470 490 472 475 475 500 480 570 465
600 485 580 470 490 500 549 500 500 480
570 515 450 445 525 535 475 550 480 510
510 575 490 435 600 435 445 435 430 440
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Median
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Median
26 18 27 12 14 27 19 7 observations
12 14 18 19 26 27 27 in ascending order
Median = 19
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Median
26 18 27 12 14 27 30 19 8 observations
12 14 18 19 26 27 27 30 in ascending order
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Median
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Trimmed Mean
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Mode
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Mode
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Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Measures for
Grouped Data
Slide54
Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Measures for
Grouped Data
Measures of Location : Mean
Class x f fx
0-1 0.5 1 0.5
1-2 1.5 4 6
2-3 2.5 8 20
3-4 3.5 6 21
4-5 4.5 3 13.5
5-6 5.5 1 5.5
Total 23 66.5
Frequency 10 12 16 14 8
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Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Measures for
Grouped Data
Measures of Location : Mean
Class x f fx
05-10 7.50 10 75
10-15 12.50 12 150
15-20 17.50 16 280
20-25 22.50 14 315
25-30 27.50 8 220
Total 60 1040
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Percentiles
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80th Percentile
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80th Percentile
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Quartiles
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Third Quartile
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Measures of Variability
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Measures of Variability
Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation
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Range
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Range
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Interquartile Range
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Interquartile Range
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Variance
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Variance
for a for a
sample population
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Standard Deviation
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Standard Deviation
for a for a
sample population
Example
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Coefficient of Variation
for a for a
sample population
Slide74
Sample Variance, Standard Deviation,
And Coefficient of Variation
Example: Apartment Rents
• Variance
Slide75