Electricity and Magnetism

Chapter One
 Overview
 The structure of atom .
 Electric charge .
 Properties of electric charge .
 What is Electricity ?
 .
 System of units .
 The Structure of Atom
• Matter has mass and takes up space . Atoms are basic
building blocks of matter . The word atom is derived from the
Greek word atom which means indivisible . The Greeks
concluded that matter could be broken down in to particles
to small to be seen . These particles were called atoms .
• All atoms constructed of three kinds of subatomic particles:
proton , neutron and electron .
• Protons + Neutrons → For a closely – packed group called
Nucleus . A nucleus is a diameter of order of ( 10-12 ) cm .
• Electrons → Bound to the nucleus . The diameter of
electronic orbit ( size of atom) is of order of (2→3 x 10-8 cm).
• Mass of neutron = 1.67 x 10-24 gm → 1.67 x 10-27 Kg .
• Mass of proton = 1.67 x 10-24 gm → 1.67 x 10-27 Kg .
• Mass of electron = 9.11 x 10 -28 gm → 9.11 x 10 -31 Kg .
• Mass of neutron = mass of proton .
• Mass of electron is smaller than the mass of neutron and
mass of proton .
 Figure ( 1 - 1 )
The structure of atom
charge
 Electric Charge
• Electric charge is a basic property of matter .
• There are two types of electric charges: Positive and Negative.
• Proton has positive charge ( q = + 1.6029 x 10 -19 Coulomb ) .
• Electron has negative charge ( q = - 1.6029 x 10 -19 Coulomb ) .
• Neutron has no charge or neutral ( q = 0 )
• Like signed charges repel each other .
• Unlike signed charges attract each other .
• The units that used to measure the quantity of electric charge
are : Coulomb and Static Coulomb .
• The relation between Coulomb and Static Coulomb is :
q = 1.6029 x 10 -19 Coulomb = 4.802x10 -10 Static Coulomb .
Units for electric charge
• Generally , the number of electrons and protons in the atom
are equal in number , in this case the atom is said to be a
natural atom .
• However ,if the atom has unequal number of electrons and
protons ,then the atom is said to be a charged atom .
• If the atom has more number of electrons ( negative charges )
than protons ( positive charges ) , then it is said to be
negatively charged . Similarly , if the atom has more number
of protons than electrons , then it is said to be positively
charged .
 Addition of charges
• If a system contain two point charges q1 and q2 , then the total
charge of the system is obtained by simply adding q1 and q2 ,
i.e., charges add up like real numbers .
• If a system contain n number of charges q1 ,q2 ,……., qn , then
the total charge of the system is : q1 + q2 + ……….+ qn .
• Charge is a scalar quantity , it has magnitude but no direction,
similar to mass ,there is one difference between charge and
mass . Mass of a body is positive at all cases whereas charge
can be either positive or negative .
• Let us take for example, the system containing four charges
q1 = + 2 C , q2 = + 3 C , q3 = - 3 C and q4 = + 4 C ;
• Then , the total charge of the system is :
q = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4
q=(+2C)+(+3C)+(-3C)+(+4C)
q=+6C
• Therefore , the total charge of the system is ( + 6 C ) and it is
positively charged .
 What is Electricity ?
• Electricity is defined as the flow of moving electrons .

• Electricity is a form of energy made by charges that can

produce light , heat or motion .

• Electricity is very important in our lives .

• Electricity is not freely available in nature, so it must
be "produced" (that is, transforming other forms of
energy to electricity). Production is carried out in
power stations (also called "power plants").
Electricity is most often generated at a power plant
by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by
heat engines fueled by combustion or nuclear fission
but also by other means such as the kinetic energy
of flowing water and wind. Other energy sources
include solar photovoltaics and geothermal power.
Figure ( 1 – 3 )
Electricity
 System of Units
• Electrical units of measurement are based on the
International ( metric ) system , also known as the SI system .
• The units of electrical measurement include the following :

 Ampere → to measure the electric current .

 Volt → to measure the voltage .
 Ohm → to measure the resistance .
 Siemens → to measure the conductance .
 Watt → to measure the power .
 Henry → to measure the inductance .
 Farad → to measure the capacitance .
 Coulomb → to measure the electric charge .
 Newton → to measure the electrical force .
 Joule → to measure the electrical energy .
Thank you