Present tense

 Present Simple

*For permanent states, repeated actions and daily routine – He works in the bank. He
takes the tram to work every morning.

*For general truth and laws of nature – The sun sets in the west

*For timetables and programs – The train leaves at 8am.

*For sport commentaries, reviews and narration - Arsenal come streaming forward now
in surely what will be their last attack. 

* Some verbs represent the action just by means of saying them: I insist, suggest,
refuse, apologize, advise, promise etc. (I am advising, I am promising)
 Present Continuous

*The action is taking place NOW, at the moment of speaking. – Listen, I am working right
now, so I can’t talk.

*For temporary actions, actions which are going on around now – I am looking for a new
job.

*With adverbs: always, constantly, continually - in order to express Irritation, Anger,

Annoyance – You are constantly interrupting me when I am talking

*For action that we have already arranged to do in the near future - They’re moving
into their new house next week.

*For changing or developing situations (often with such verbs: getting, becoming,
starting, beginning, changing, improving, increasing, rising, falling, growing etc.) – We
are getting closer and closer to ecological collapse.
 Present Perfect

*for actions which started in the past and continues up to the present. – We’ve
known each other for ages.

*for an action which has recently finished and the result is visible right now - I
have finished my part of work as you can see.

*for an action which happened at the unstated time in the past bc the emphasis
is placed on the action (not time) – I have bought a new car.

*in order to emphasize the quantity, number – She has taken fifteen pictures today.

*announcement of a piece of news – The police have finally arrested him.

 Present Perfect Continuous

*to emphasize the duration of an action which started in the past and continues
up to the present (esp. with expressions such as for, since, all
day\morning\week.) – I have been working for two months without weekends.

*for an action which started in the past and lasted for some time and the result is
visible in the present – He smells weird. He has been running all morning.

*to express anger, irritation or annoyance. – They have been partying all night long.
Describe these pictures using Present Tense. Try to build 5 different sentences, using
different verbs and aspects
Past tense

 Past Simple
*For an action which happened at the specific time in the past. – She visited her
mom yesterday

*for actions which happened immediately one after another In the past. – I woke
up, brushed my teeth, ate my breakfast and went to work.

*for past habits which are now finished (or expressing used to) – I smoked\used to
smoke two years back.
 Present Perfect
The PP is used when we are talking about actions
which happened in the past and are related to the
present
• For an action which happened at an unstated time
in the past. The exact time is either unknown or
unimportant so that it is not mentioned
Simon Cook has painted lots of pictures
• For an action which started in the past and
continues up to the present
Mr. Nelson has taught French for 12 years (He is still
teaching now)
• For an action which happened in the past and may
be repeated.
I have spoken to Billie Eilish
• For an action which happened within a specific
time period which is still not finished at the
moment of speaking.
I have written two letters this morning (And I am still
writing)
Past Simple
The PS is used when we are talking about actions
which happened in the past and are NOT related to
the present
• For an action which happened at a definite time in
the past.
Simon Cook painted his first picture in 1980.
• for an action which began and finished in the past
Mrs. Clark taught Maths for 30 years (she is no
longer a teacher)
• For an action which happened in the past and
cannot be repeated
Once I spoke to Frank Sinatra.
• For an action which happened at a specific
moment in the past which is over in the present.
I wrote three letters this morning
 Past Continuous

*for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. – At 7 pm they
were having dinner.

*for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. – My
parents were watching TV when I came back.

*for two or more simultaneous actions. – She was talking with her friend while
she was driving the car.

*to describe background, setting in the introduction to a story. – The birds were
singing and the leaves were rusting in the breeze.
 Past Perfect

*for an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time
in the past. – I had finished my project when I went to meet my friends.

*for an action which finished in the past and which results were visible in the
past – He was happy. He had signed an important contract.
 Past Perfect Continuous

*to emphasize the duration of an action which started and finished in the past – I
had been looking for a house for six months before I found the one I like.

*for an action which lasted for some time in the past and which results were
visible in the past. – He was annoyed. He had been waiting in the queue for
three hours
 Looking at these pictures try to build
sentences about how our everyday life
FOOD
has changed throughout centuries.
Use past and present tenses

100 years ago Now

Home-made simple food Tinned fast food

TRANSPORT

100 years ago Now

Steam train Planes/cars
 ENTERTAINMEN
T

Books/theatre TV/audio/cinema

SETTLEMENTS

Villages/towns Big cities

Future tense

 Future Simple
*in order to predict sth (with verbs such as think, believe, expect, be sure\afraid,
adverbs probably, perhabs, certainly) – I believe one day you will be successful

*for on-the-post decisions – Ok, I’ll buy it

*for promises (promise, swear, guarantee), threats, warnings, requests, hopes

(hope) and offers – Ok, I’ll buy this one.

*for actions\events\situations which will definitely happen in the future and which
we cannot control. – The temperature will reach 40C tomorrow.
 Be Going To

*for plans, intentions, ambitions we have for the future – I am going to become a
famous violinist one day.

*for actions we have already decided to do in the near future – They are going to
get married in three months (they have already decided to do it) ! They are
getting married in three months (they decided AND arranged to do it).

*in predictions when there is evidence that sth will happen in near future – Look
at the clouds! It is going to rain.
 Future Continuous

*for an action which will be in progress at a stated future time – This time next
week I will be going abroad.

*for an action which will definitely happen in the future as a result of a routine or
arrangement. – Don’t worry about it. I will be seeing our boss tomorrow, so we
will discuss the problem.

* When we ask politely about sb’s plans for the near future. – Will you be working
on Friday?
 Future Perfect

*for an action which will be finished before a stated future time – She will have
delivered newspapers by 8 am.

 Future Perfect Continuous

*to emphasize the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future – By

the end of next month, she will have been teaching for 30 years.
What kind of future can you imagine for our
planet? What are you going to do in order to
live happily?

What country would you choose to live in in

the future? (Maybe you can predict the
prospects this country has in the future)