NATURAL GAS

Hrishikesh Wagh (RISHI)

Guided By: Dr. Tae Hoon Kim
L20419338
05/04/2017
 Natural Gas
Physical and Chemical properties
Uses
Chemistry
Process of tracing, extraction & refining
Contribution of methane in production of HCN
Flow diagrams
Economics
Safety
Environmental Effects
 Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
Molecular formula CH4
Molecular weight of mixture 18,2
Boiling point at 1 atmosphere -160.0 °C
Melting point -180.0 °C
Vapour density (Air =1) at 15.5 0,61
Liquid density (Water=1) at 0°/4 °C 0,554
Expansion ratio 1 litre of liquid becomes 600 litres of gas
Water solubility at 20 °C Slightly soluble (0.1 to 1.0%)
Colourless, tasteless and with a slight smell of
Appearance and colour
rotten eggs
 Physical & Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
Property Values

Ignition point 876 K

Flammability limits 4–16 vol% (in air)
Theoretical flame temperature (stoichiometric air-to-fuel 2,233 K
ratio)
Maximum flame velocity 0.3 m/s
Specific gravity (relative density) 0.583
Water vapor content 16–32 mg/m3
Sulfur content 5.5 mg/m3
Higher heating value (dry basis) 36.0–40.2 MJ/m3
 USES
Domestic Use
 Space Heating & cooling
 Cooking
 Electricity generation
Commerical Use
 Space heating and cooling
 Cooking
Industrial Use
 Electricity generation (co generation)
 As a Feed stock
 Infrared heating
 Direct contact water heaters
Electrical Use
Transportation
 Chemistry
 Typical Analysis Range
 Component
(mole %)  (mole %)
 Methane  95.0  87.0 - 97.0
 Ethane  3.2  1.5 - 7.0
 Propane  0.2  0.1 - 1.5
 iso - Butane  0.03  0.01 - 0.3
 normal - Butane  0.03  0.01 - 0.3
 iso - Pentane  0.01  trace - 0.04
 normal - Pentane  0.01  trace - 0.04
 Hexanes plus  0.01  trace - 0.06
 Nitrogen  1.0  0.2 - 5.5
 Carbon Dioxide  0.5  0.1 - 1.0
 Oxygen  0.02  0.01 - 0.1
 Hydrogen  trace  trace - 0.02
 Specific Gravity  0.58  0.57 - 0.62
 Gross Heating Value
(MJ/m3), dry basis * 38.0  36.0 - 40.2
 PROCESS

EXPLORATION EXTRACTION PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTIO
STORAGE TRASPORT
N
 Contribution of Methane in HCN

Andrussow Process

BMA Process
 Flow Diagram

Methane Ammonia Butadiene Cyclohexane

CH4 NH3 C=C-C=C C6H12

Air

Air
Pentenenitrile Cyclohexanol/
C=C-C-C-CN Cyclohexanone
Hydrogen Cyanide
HCN

Adiponitrile HNO3
NC-C-C-C-C-CN
H2
Hexamethyldiamine Adipic Acid
H2N-C-C-C-C-C-C-NH2 HOOC-C-C-C-C-COOH
 Economics

• Demand in US, 26.55

trillion cubic feet (Tcf) by
the year 2035
• Demands increase by 16
percent over 2009
• Energy consumption
increasing by 20 percent
by 2035
• Annual demand
increase, 0.7 %.

Energy Consumption by Fuel 1980 – 2030 (Quadrillion Btu)

Safety
 Fossil Fuel Emission Levels
– Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input
Environment
Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal
Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000
Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208
Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457
Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591
Particulates 7 84 2,744
Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016
Source: EIA – Natural Gas Issues and Trends 1998
Q&A