Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
Techniques
Using SPSS, STATA and AMOS
by
Muhammad Qaiser Shahbaz
and
Nadeem Shafique Butt
Workshop Objectives:
• To develop Data Analysis Skills
Qualitative Data
(Categorical Data)
Important
Center Variation Distribution
Points
Mean
Median Range
Median
Mode Inter Quartile Range Skewness
Quartiles
Geometric Mean Variance Kurtosis
Percentiles
Harmonic Mean Standard Deviation
Trimmed Mean
Tabular Methods
Graphical Methods
Numerical Methods
Practice Session for Descriptive
Analysis
• Import Customer’s Databas.xls into SPSS
• Label data properly
• Make One-way tables for variables (Age, Sex,
OwnHome and Married). Also make pie chart and
bar chart for these variables
• Make Two-way tables (sex by OwnHome and
Married by OwnHome). Also make clustered bar
chart for each variable
• Produce Detailed Numerical descriptive statistics
for variable “Purchases” (Mean, Median, ………..).
Also make histogram and stem & leaf and box-
plot for variable “Purchases”
Inferential Analysis
Parametric & Non-Parametric
Inference
Normality Normality
Normality
Normality Normality
Normality
+ +
++ ++
Equal Un-Equal
Equal Un-Equal
Variances Variances
Variances
Variances Variances
Comparing One Group
• Kinds of Research Questions
For the one-sample situation, the prime concern in research is
examining a measure of central tendency (location) for the
population of interest. The best-known measures of location
are the mean and median. For a one-sample situation, we
might want to know if the average waiting time in a doctor's
office is greater than one hour, or if the average growth of
roses is 4 inches or more with a certain fertilizer, or is annual
return is 10.2% for the banks that exercised comprehensive
planning.
Comparing Two Groups
Kinds of Research Questions
H 0 : 0 , H A : 0
X
t
s2
n
With
df n 1
Case Study
A manufacturer of high-performance automobiles
produces disc brakes that must measure 322 millimeters
in diameter. Quality control manager randomly selects
128 discs and measures their diameters.
H 0 : 0
H A : 0 , 0 , 0
w w
Z
w
n n 1
w
4
n n 1 2n 1
w
24
w R
Case Study
A Researcher believes that median salary of HR
Manager is 50 thousands. To confirm this
hypothesis he selects a random sample of 1207
HR Managers from different companies.
H 0 : d 0, H A : d 0
X d d
t
2
s d
n
With
df n 1
Case Study
A researcher in behavioral medicine believes that stress often
makes asthma symptoms worse for people who suffer from this
respiratory disorder. Therefore, the researcher decides to study the
effect of relaxation training on the severity of their symptoms.
A sample of 5 patients is selected. During the week before
treatment, the investigator records the severity of their symptoms
by measuring how many doses of medication are needed for
asthma attacks. Then the patients receive relaxation training. For
the week following the training the researcher once again records
the number of doses used by each patient.
Data from Gravetter and Wallnau (4th Ed.) p. 319.
SPSS Analytic Procedure
Wilcoxon Signed Rank test
H 0 : 1 2
H1 : 1 2
w w
Z
w
n n 1
w
4
n n 1 2n 1
w
24
w R
Case Study
An educationist wants to see the effectiveness of
new teaching method. For this She selected 600
students and record their scores in a test of 150
marks. The scores are recorded before and after the
new teaching method.
H 0 : 1 2 , H A : 1 2
X 1 X 2 1 2
t
1 1 2 21 1
n 1 s 2
n 1 s 2
n1 n2 2 n1 n2
With
df n1 n2 2
Case Study
• An analyst at a department store wants to evaluate a
recent credit card promotion. To this end, 500
cardholders were randomly selected. Half received
an ad promoting a reduced interest rate on
purchases made over the next three months, and
half received a standard seasonal ad.
• We can use Independent-Samples T Test to compare
the spending of the two groups.
SPSS Analytic Procedure
Independent Samples t-test
Unequal Variances
H 0 : 1 2 , H A : 1 2
2
2 2
X 1 X 2 1 2 s
1 s 2
n1 n2
t With df 2
2
2 2 2
s s
2
s1 s 2
2
1
n1 n2
n1 n2
n1 1 n2 1
Case Study
• A researcher wishes to compare the
expenditure behavior of the students, one of
the research question is to see the difference
in expenditures by gender.
SPSS Analytic Procedure
Mann-Whitney Test
• Mann-Whitney Test is used to compare the
two independent groups on the basis of
medians. This test does not require the
assumption of normality.
Mann-Whitney U Test
Assumptions
The variable of interest is continuous. The measurement scale
is at least ordinal.
u u
z
u u
n1n2
2
n1n2 n1 n2 1
u
12
n1 n1 1
u w
2
MSG
F
MSE
MSG is the Mean Square of Group and MSE is the Mean Square Error
Example
• This is a hypothetical data file that concerns the
popularity of a TV channel. Using a prototype, the
marketing team has collected focus group data. One
of the question of interest is to see the difference in
popularity of the TV channel in different age groups.
• This hypothesis can be tested using One Way
ANOVA.
SPSS Analytic Procedure
One-Way Analysis of Variance
Unequal Variances
1 k ni
2
X i. X ..
2
k 1 i 1 s
F i
2
2 k 2 k n i / s
1 2 1 k
k 1 i 1
i
2
/ ni 1
ni / s i
i 1
1
2
With k
2
3
df 2 1 n n i Si
/
/ ni 1
k 1 i 1 2
ni / S i
i 1
Case Study
• A sales manager evaluates two new training courses.
• Sixty employees, divided into three groups, all
receive standard training. In addition, group 2
receives technical training, and group 3 receives a
hands-on tutorial. Each employee was tested at the
end of the training course and their score recorded.
SPSS Analytic Procedure
Kruskal-Wallis Test
H 0 : 1 2 ...... k
H A : At least one pair of median is significantly diffrent
k
12 Ri
H
N N 1
i 1 ni
3 N 1
Case Study
A health scientist wishes to compare the
survival experiences after breast cancer with
different Pathological Tumor Size (Categories).