REPORTING SOURCES FOR

LITERATURE REVIEW

The APA Style Of Referencing

References :
The Purdue University Writing Lab
Postgraduate Thesis Dissertation Manual, International Islamic University Malaysia

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 What is APA ?
For the latest and official


American Psychological Association. APA “Electronic Reference

(2001). Publication Manual of the Formats" document : 
American Psychological Association Go to
(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  http://www.apastyle.org 
OWL website:
owl.english.purdue.edu
       

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In your research academic writing,
proper documentation should be a
priority!

Warning :
This part takes an
eye for detail.

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 APA Style: Two Main Concerns

 The Reference
Page /List

 Parenthetical
Citations

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Why Use APA Format?
1. Allows readers to
cross-reference your
sources easily
2. Provides consistent
format within a
discipline
3. Gives you credibility
as a writer
4. Protects yourself from
plagiarism
1. Cross-Referencing Your
Sources
Cross-referencing
allows readers to locate
the publication
information of source
material. This is of
great value for
researchers who may
want to locate your
sources for their own
research projects.

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2. Using a Consistent Format
 Using a consistent
format helps your
reader understand
your arguments
and the sources
they’re built on.
 It also helps you
keep track of your
sources as you
build your
arguments.
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3. Establishing Credibility
The proper use of
APA style shows
the credibility of
writers; such
writers show
accountability to
their source
material.

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4. Avoiding Plagiarism

Proper citation of your

sources in APA style
can help you avoid
plagiarism, which is a
serious offense. It
may result in anything
from failure of the
assignment to
expulsion from the
university.
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 The Reference Page /List
 Your reference list should appear on a
new page, at the end of your paper.
 It is a list of every source that you make
reference to in your essay (each
retrievable source cited in the essay must
appear on the reference list, and vice
versa).
 It provides the information necessary for
a reader to locate and retrieve any
sources cited in your essay.
 All texts should be double-spaced just like
the essay.
 The Reference Page /List

Most citations should contain the following

basic information:
 Author’s name

 Title of work

 Publication information

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 A sample of a reference
page/list
References

Bowlby, J. (2013). Attachment and loss. New York, NY: Basic

Book.

Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schacher, S. (2010). When

prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota

Press.

Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (2014). Play and early childhood

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 A sample of a reference
page/list
References

Klein, J. (2008, October 5). Dizzy days. The New Yorker,

40-45.

Shay, J. (2014). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and

the undoing of character. New York, NY:

Touchstone.

Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972). Masahi ulama

najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-al-Yamamah. 13

The reference list (APA STYLE)
 Entries must be arranged in alphabetical order.
 Typing must be double-spaced.
 Entries should have a hanging indent after the first line
(one-half inch from left margin).
 Entries must NOT be categorized.
 Entries must NOT be numbered.
 Only the first word of the title of the book, the word
after a colon and proper names should be capitalized.
 Titles of books and names of journals, magazines and
newspapers should be typed in italics. Do NOT
underline.
 Use colon to separate the place of publication and the
publisher.
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 The reference list (APA STYLE)
 Use full stop at the end of every entry and after every
part of the entry for example after year, after title, etc.

 Write the surnames in full but use only the initials for
first and middle names.

 Write muslim names in full.

 Alphabetize group authors, such as associations or

government agencies, by the first significant word of
the name.

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 Cont….
 If the work is signed “anonymous” the entry begins
with the word anonymous spelled out, and the entry
is alphabetized as if anonymous were a true name.

 If there is no author, the title moves to the author’s

position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first
significant word of the title.

 Treat legal reference like entries with no author; that

is, alphabetize legal references by the first
significant item in the entry.

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The reference list (APA STYLE)

NOW, PLEASE FOCUS

ON THE SPECIFIC
RULES INVOLVED.

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 BOOKS – SINGLE (1) AUTHOR
Last name first, followed by author’s initial. For location,
always list the city and the state using the 2 letter postal
abbreviation without periods (New York, NY:)
Bowlby, J. (2013). Attachment and loss. New
York, NY: Basic Book.

Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972).

Masahi ulama najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-al-
Yamamah.
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 BOOKS - 2 AUTHORS
List by their last names and initials, use the symbol (&)
instead of “and”.

Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (2014). Play and

early childhood development. New York,
NY: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

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 BOOKS - 3 to 7 AUTHORS

List by last names and initials; commas to separate author

names, while the last author name is preceded again
by the symbol.

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R.,

Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (2013). There's
more to self-esteem than whether it is high or
low: The importance of stability of self-
esteem. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
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 BOOKS – MORE THAN 7
AUTHORS

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman,

D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., Thomas, S.T., … Rubin,
L.H. (2009). Writing labs and the Hollywood
connection. Journal of Film and Writing,44(3),
213-245.

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BOOKS - EDITED COLLECTION

Higgins, J. (Ed). (2009). Psychology. New

York, NY: Norton.

Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).

(2010). Consequences of growing up
poor. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

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BOOKS –A SPECIFIC EDITION

Ornstein, A.E. (2011). Foundations of

education (11th ed.). Chicago: Wadsworth
Publication.

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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE
SAME AUTHOR

Brown, R. (2009). Words and things. New

York, NY: Macmillan.

Brown, R. (2012). Social psychology. New

York, NY: Macmillan.
Note:
list the entries by the year
(earliest comes first).

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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE
SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR

Berndt, T. J. (2011a). Age changes and changes

over time in prosocial intentions and
behavior between friends. Developmental
Psychology, 17, 408-416.
Berndt, T. J. (2011b). Effects of friendship on
prosocial intentions and behavior. Child
Development, 52, 636-643.

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BOOKS - UNKNOWN AUTHOR

Experimental psychology. (2008). New

York, NY: Holt Publication.

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CORPORATE AND GOVERNMENT
AUTHORSHIP

National Institute of Mental Health. (2010).

Clinical training in serious mental
illness. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.

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RELIGIOUS SOURCES

Al-Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah: 152-153.

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THESIS

Ahmad Zaini Zahid. (2011). A study of sleep of

sleep deprivation and its effects on teenagers.
(Doctoral dissertation, University of
Nebraska).

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ELECTRONIC SOURCES (WEB
PUBLICATIONS)
Author, A.A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title
of online periodical, volume number. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/

Chou, L. (1999). Technology and

education. Retrieved from
http://www.ilt.columbia.html.
New child vaccine gets funding boost.
(2000). Retrieved from
http://www.healthnews.org/archive/ne
w-child-vaccine-funding-boost.html
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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Faisal Othman. (2009, October 6). Islam and development.
The Star, p. 12.

Parker-Pope, T. (2008). Psychiatry handbook linked

to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com

Sawyer, J. (2012). Measurement and prediction. Psychological

Bulletin (3), p. 178-200.

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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES -
NO AUTHOR

Obama puts human face on health-care plan.

(2013, September 16). The New York
Times, p. 11.
Cultivation of positive emotions to optimize
health and well-being. (2010). Prevention
and treatment (3), 2010. Retrieved from
http://www.phys.org/journal/cultivation-
emotion-rd1w534ry.html
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 LEGAL CASES

Faridah Dato’ Talib v Mohd Habibullah.

(2010). 1 MLJ 74.

Ngieng Shiat Yen v Phang Wai Ann. (2013). 3

MLJ 130.

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 ACTS

Mental Health System Act, (1988)

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 ITEMS IN ANTHOLOGY

Rubenstein, J.P. (2011). The effects of

television violence on small children. In
B.F. Kane (Ed.) Television and juvenile
psychological development. New York:
American Psychological Society.

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ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND
PRESENTATION SLIDES
Provide the file format in brackets after the lecture
title.

Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory (PDF

document). Retrieved from lecture notes
online web site:
http://www.econ.istate/classes/hallam

Roberts, K.F. (2008). Federal regulations in

the environment (Power Point slides).
Retrieved from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/ 36
COMPREHENSION
QUESTIONS

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 TELEVISION AND RADIO
PROGRAMMES

Keillor, G. (Producer), & Smith, L.

(Director). (2 Oct., 1993). A prairie home
companion (Radio Program). St.
Louis: KMOX

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