REPORTING SOURCES FOR

LITERATURE REVIEW

Citations – APA format

Paraphrasing
Keys to Citations
Readability

 Keep citations brief by

giving only relevant
information to support
your arguments.

 Do not repeat unnecessary

information
 What are the similarities in quoting,
paraphrasing, summarizing, and
synthesizing?

They are the 4 possible ways of

incorporating other writers' work into
your own writing and attributing to the
original authors.
 How do they differ??
These 4 citing techniques differ according to
the closeness of your writing to the source
materials. That means…
 The differences …

When you quote, the quote must be

identical to the original, using a narrow
segment of the source.

When you paraphrase, it involves

putting a passage from a source into
your own words in a slightly condensed
and shorter version.
 The differences …
When you summarize, the main idea(s) are
put into your own words. Summaries are
significantly shorter than the original
sentences and take a broader overview of
the source material.
When you synthesize, one similar
idea/similar ideas from two or more
different sources are combined.
 The general differences are…
When you quote, your words must be identical
to the original source, using a narrow segment
of the source. They must match the source
document word for word.
When you paraphrase, your own words are
used to deliver the information obtained from
the source materials but the meaning matches
exactly that of the original writer’s.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases

 If you need to repeat what the writer has written in detail to

support your theory or argument, then PARAPHRASE.

 It is imperative that you use only your own words when

paraphrasing a source. A paraphrase matches the original
writer's meaning exactly. The text will probably be the same
length as the original.

 Use paraphrase when the exact words of the original text are
not vital to your argument but the exact meaning is.

 DO NOT FORGET TO GIVE CREDIT TO THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR

 In-text citation : Paraphrases

 Paraphrasing is the art of rewriting materials used by

others into your own words.

 To be able to do this, of course you need to

 first read and
 understand the materials.

 This technique is applied when you want to include the

idea of the source, but not the way it is presented.

 To paraphrase well, you need to make changes based

on the original text.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
So, the 8 steps to paraphrasing are:

 Read and understand the source.

 State the main points of the source by note taking.
 Put away the original source.
 Write out your notes in your own words.
 Combine the points into a smooth text.
 Read and edit your paraphrase.
 Compare it to the original.
 Make the necessary changes if needed.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
An Unacceptable Paraphrasing
Original:
The rise of industry, the growth of
cities, and the expansion of the
population were the three great
developments of late nineteenth
century American history. As new,
larger, steam-powered factories
became a feature of the American
landscape in the East, they
transformed farm hands into
industrial labourers, and provided
jobs for a rising tide of immigrants.
With industry came urbanization,
the growth of large cities (like Fall
River, Massachusetts, where the
Bordens lived) which became the
centers of production as well as of
commerce and trade.
Paraphrase:
The increase of industry, the
growth of cities, and the
explosion of the population
were three large factors of
nineteenth century America.
As steam-driven companies
became more visible in the
eastern part of the country,
they changed farm hands into
factory workers and provided
jobs for the large wave of
immigrants. With industry
came the growth of large
cities like Fall River where the
Bordens lived which turned
into centers of commerce and
trade as well as production.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases

An Unacceptable Paraphrasing

The paraphrasing is unacceptable and is considered

as plagiarizing because:
 the writer has only changed around a few words
and phrases, or changed the order of the original’s
sentences.
 the writer has failed to cite a source for any of the
ideas or facts.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
An ACCEPTABLE Paraphrasing

Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of

northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century.
Steam-powered production had shifted labor from agriculture
to manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the US, they
found work in these new factories. As a result, populations
grew, and large urban areas arose. Fall River was one of these
manufacturing and commercial centers (Williams, 2009).
Why is this passage acceptable?
 This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer:
 accurately relays the information in the original text
but uses her own words.
 lets her reader know the source of her information.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
Original text and paraphrased work compared
Source: William (2009)
Original:
The rise of industry, the growth of
cities, and the expansion of the
population were the three great
developments of late nineteenth
century American history. As new,
larger, steam-powered factories
became a feature of the American
landscape in the East, they
transformed farm hands into
industrial labourers, and provided
jobs for a rising tide of immigrants.
With industry came urbanization
the growth of large cities (like Fall
River, Massachusetts, where the
Bordens lived) which became the
centers of production as well as of
commerce and trade.
Paraphrase:
Fall River, where the Borden
family lived, was typical of
northeastern industrial cities of
the nineteenth century. Steam-
powered production had shifted
labor from agriculture to
manufacturing, and as
immigrants arrived in the US,
they found work in these new
factories. As a result,
populations grew, and large
urban areas arose. Fall River was
one of these manufacturing and
commercial centers (Williams,
2009).
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
ANOTHER EXAMPLE

Author: Bender, 2011.

Original:
The Brady Bill trespasses on the rights of law-abiding citizens,
and is therefore inconsistent with the constitution. This is
because it imposes a waiting period on exercising to own
guns.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
ANOTHER EXAMPLE

Paraphrased:
Bender (2011) further emphasizes, people should not have to
wait to exercise their rights, including the right to own a gun.
Since the Brady Bill violates the people’s rights, it has clearly
infringed the constitution.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
Original text and paraphrased work compared

Author: Bender, 2011.

The Brady Bill trespasses on
the rights of law-abiding
citizens, and is therefore
inconsistent with the
constitution. This is because it
imposes a waiting period on
exercising to own guns.
Bender (2011) further
emphasizes, people should
not have to wait to exercise
their rights, including the
right to own a gun. Since the
Brady Bill violates the
people’s rights, it has clearly
infringed the constitution.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
Source: Smith, R. N. (2012). Land Clearing. London: Longmans.
Original:
Not all species have suffered from land clearing. A few bird
species, such as the magpie, together with larger kangaroos
such as the Eastern Grey and Red, have expanded their range as
clearing creates more of their favoured grassland and open
woodland habitats, while some butterflies have also expanded
their range as far as Alice Springs, following the trees and
flowers planted around homesteads across the outback.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases

Focusing on the source

Paraphrased:

According to Smith (2012), some types of animals have

benefited from the clearing of land in rural Australia. The newly
created grassland and wooded areas have attracted the
Magpie and other birds, the Eastern Grey and Red and other
big kangaroos. In addition, Alice Springs is now home to
certain butterflies attracted by the trees and flowers cultivated
around the farms in rural areas.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases

Source: Slavkin, T. (2011) Developmentally appropriate practices.

Oxford: O.U.P.
Original:
All children learn and respond to settings differently; for this
reason, many teachers consider the DAP approach beneficial to
most children. DAP is gaining supporters in education due to its
emphasis on meeting the needs of individual students.  At a
time when educators are working with more and more
divergent populations of students, differentiating practices
based on each individual student's needs is critical.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases

Focusing on the support

Paraphrased:
Because students have learning styles that differ from one
student to another, the DAP [Developmentally Appropriate
Practice] approach is considered as a highly practical and
useful form of teaching.  The DAP is also quickly becoming a
widely accepted method of reaching to all student individual
needs and not just a few (Slavkin, 2011).
 NOW YOU TRY!
Source: "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports
(May 2008).
Original:
Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths
are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age
children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can
reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a
bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head.

Paraphrase the text with the focus on a) source

b) support
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
Original:
Of the more than 1000 bicycling
deaths each year, three-fourths
are caused by head injuries. Half
of those killed are school-age
children. One study conclude that
wearing a bike helmet can reduce
the risk of head injury by 85
percent. In an accident, a bike
helmet absorbs the shock and
cushions the head.
 Focusing on the source
It has been revealed in “Bike
Helmets” (2008) that, the use
of a helmet is the key to
reducing bicycling fatalities,
which are caused by head
injuries 75% of the time. By
cushioning the head upon
impact, a helmet can reduce
accidental injury by as much as
85%, saving the lives of
hundreds of victims annually,
half of whom are school
children.
 In-text citation : Paraphrases
Original:
Of the more than 1000 bicycling
deaths each year, three-fourths
are caused by head injuries. Half
of those killed are school-age
children. One study concluded
wearing a bike helmet can
reduce the risk of head injuries
by 85 percent. In an accident,
a bike helmet absorbs the
shock and cushions the head.
 Focusing on the support
The use of a helmet is the key
to reducing bicycling fatalities,
which happen due to head
injuries 75% of the time. By
cushioning the head upon
impact, a helmet can reduce
accidental injuries by as much
as 85%, saving the lives of
hundreds of victims annually,
half of whom are school
children (“Bike Helmets”,
2008).
 In-text citation : Paraphrases – a
reminder

You need to give credit to the original source even though you
are using your own words.

You do not have to provide the page number when you

paraphrase.
 MORE EXAMPLES OF PARAPHRASING
Source: Morley-Warner, T. (2011). Academic Writing (2nded), Linfield, NSW,
CREA Publications.
Original:
To write successfully at university you need a sense of what the final product
should look and sound like, so if possible, read model assignments or if these are not
available, study the way in which journal articles have been written in your specific
area. These articles may be lengthy and some may be based on research rather than
a discussion of issues, but from them you will get a sense of how academic writing
'sounds', that is, its tone, and also how respected writers in your field assemble
information. You will also gain a sense of the complexity of being an apprentice
writer in an academic culture, or rather cultures, where expectations may vary
from discipline to discipline, even subject to subject and where you can build a
repertoire of critical thinking and writing skills that enable you to engage in
academic debates, even to challenge.

The highlighted segment is used for the following sample of

paraphrasing .
 EXAMPLE - PARAPHRASING

Morley-Warner (2011) considers that by studying how

journal articles are written students will come to
understand what is required of them in their writing.
They will also become aware of the different demands
of various disciplines and even the different
requirements from subject to subject, argues Morley-
Warner (2011). Through this process, Morley-Warner
maintains, students will develop critical thinking and
writing skills that will allow them to participate in
academic debate and even to challenge ideas.