Think of songs with

similarities in rhythm and

beat. List these songs down
and identify the ways these
are similar or different.
• In what ways are the songs similar or
different? Could you cite some specific lines
or patterns of beat and rhythm that are the
same?
• What could be the reasons that some songs
sound the same?
• If you wrote a song and someone created
one that sounded the same, how would you
feel?
is a serious form of academic dishonesty and
is frowned upon in the academe. It is defined
as the copying verbatim of language and ideas
of other writers and taking credit for them.
 #
Therefore, academic writers have a great responsibility
to account for the ideas and language of others. Similar to
treating someones else’s belongings, you need to respect
the ownership of what is not yours. In sum, great care
should be observed in writing a text that depends on
outside sources.
Note-taking techniques such as summarizing,
using quotations, and paraphrasing are used to
address plagiarism of language.
This means that aside from citing work to attribute
ownership of ideas, the language must observe
novelty such that it expresses the ideas of works
cited but at the same time employs the voice of the
author writing the academic paper.
occurs when credit for a work is ascribed to
oneself untruthfully.
For instance, if one writes a paper on the
theory of relativity of physics and no mention
of Einstein is given, the writer explicitly or
implicitly claims that this theory is his or hers.
Thus, plagiarism of ideas has been committed.
CITATION - is a reference to the source of
information used in your paper.
• Author-oriented citation
• Text-oriented citation
• Using the phrase “Acoording to...”
An author-oriented citation starts with the
surname of the author, followed by the year of
publication in parentheses. Verbs of statement
such as argues, posits, and emphasizes at the
start of paragraph or sentence may be used.
Example:
Pulido (2012) believes that language in an online
environment can be understood if other modes of
online communication are further analyzed to provide
a full account of interaction in virtual worlds.
a paragraph or sentence from a source is
followed with the surname of the author of
the work and the year of publication. The
citation must be enclosed in parentheses.
Example:
Unless educators realize the importance of reading
and writing across subject areas, problems in
comprehension of subject matter will be a prominent
issue in the teaching learning process (Estacio, 2010).
Start the sentence or paragraph by using the
phrase “According to...” followed by the
surname of the author and the year of
publication enclosed in parentheses.
Example:
According to Mendoza (1990), by the
end of the century, our fuel reserves will be
reduced to half, and scarcity of energy
supplies will be a big problem.
Aside form texts, movies, images, and music should
be cited if used on your paper. The general rule is
that the Author, title of work (may it be image,
movie or music) and year it was produced (if
applicable) be included in the citation.
IMAGES:
• Luna’s Spoliarium (1884) inspired several artists
in music and creative writing to produce works
related to this powerful painting.
• In 1884, Luna’s Spoliarium presented the
different aspects of Philippine life.
VIDEO:
• Spencer’s (2009) “The Matchmaker” shows the different
experiences of artists when they struggle with stardom
and deal with the consequences of fame and fortune.
• “The Matchmaker” (Spencer, 2009) accurately captures
the trials and tribulations of fame and fortune of artists
making it big in show business
MUSIC:
• The Beatles’ song “A Hard Day’s Night” (1964) features John
Lennon and Paul McCartney’s genius that will influence
generations of musicians to create songs that challenge the
norm.
• John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the song “A Hard Day’s
Night” (1964) which is considered as one of the Beatle’s greatest
hits in their illustrious career.
Search for online articles or print
newspapers, and copy two to
three sentences from your chosen
article. Apply the different
citation techniques mentioned in
the previous slides.
Write your answer in short
bondpaper.
Font size - 16-20
Font style - Times New Roman
Line Spacing - 1.5
happens when an author uses the
language of another writer and
clams it as his or her own.
Is employed for statements that are so closely
associated that altering the words may lose its
rhetorical impact.
1. Using direct quotations means to lift text and enclose
them in quotation marks. In addition to author’s name, the
page numbers are included.
Example:
“Globalization is just a covert term for colonization.”
(Reyes, 1994, p.2).
2. If text is too long, you may omit certain
parts and replace them with an ellipsis. If the
words omitted are at the end of the
statement, another dot is added, making it
clear.
Number 2 Example:

“Smartphones resulted from global innovations in technology...and

therefore, consumers need to be updated on the latest trends if
they want to maximize opportunities offered by these gadgets to
make daily activties more convenient.” (De Claro, 2010, p.7).
3. Interpolation may be done to insert notes
within the directly quoted passage to help
readers understand the context of the
statement. Interpolation is marked by open and
closed brackets.
Number 3 Example:
“De Quiros, Zabala, Uy, and Lee believe that the education sector
should address the amterial conditions of schools to improve
teaching and learning.” (Danao, 2011, p.7).
4. Using too many direct quotations does not reveal your identity as an
author. Specifically, it is important that you develop your own voice and
style of writing in expressing ideas. Using others' statements help in
arguments but does not show your originality and strength in making
claims. Therefore as a rule of thumb, twenty percent of the total length
of the work may employ direct quotations. For instance, if the prompt of
the essay requires you to write in at least 1000 words, you may only have
a total of 200 words alloted for direct quotation
Number 4 Example:
"Smartphones resulted from global innovations in
technology...and therefore, consumers need to be updated on
the latest trends if they want to maximize opportunities
offered by these gadgets to make daily activities more
convenient." (De Claro, 2010, p.7).
Summarizing is a short restatement of the
main idea of a text. Ideally, it is a third of the
original text of your paper.
1. Make sure to read the text thoroughly and highlight the important details in the
text. Bear in mind that certain details have relationships (cause and effect for
example) and these need to be noted as well.
2. After getting the main idea/s, use your own words in your summary. Make sure to
check if the relationships between ideas are established.
3. When done with your summary, recheck your output with the original to see if
your output does not stray from the original text. You may seek your teacher or
peer's feedback to be sure.
Paraphrasing is a restatement in your own words of the main idea
and supporting details of a text. A paraphrase may match the
length of the original work. Though paraphrasing may be considered
more challenging than summarizing, paraphrasing allows little
opportunities for misinterpretation on the part of the reader as
you account for both major and minor points.
• Read the text thoroughly, noting both main ideas and supporting details. If
confronted with a long text, you may outline these ideas to distinguish the
major points from the minor ones.
• After identifying these, carefully state the major and minor points in your own
words, making sure that the relationships between and among these ideas are
observed
• Finally, when the paraphrase is done, compare your work with the original to
make sure that the original intentions of the author are not changed.
1. Lliteral paraphrasing - This type only replaces vocabulary terms from the
original text.
2. Structural paraphrasing - This type changes the sentence structure as well as
the word class of key words of the original text
3. Alternative paraphrasing - In this type, the writer first poses questions
about the text such as what the text is about, how the main idea is supported,
and the stand of the author about the topic. Then, the writer answers these
questions using his/her own words after reading the text; making sure that all
ideas are connected
THANK YOU