Lecture 6

Plagiarism and
Referencing Styles
 Writing Ethically: What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is:
 copying phrases and passages word-for-word
without quotation marks & without a reference
to the author (from books, journals, reports,
theses, websites, conference papers, etc).

 paraphrasing an author's work but presenting

it without a reference (includes sentences,
paragraphs, ideas and themes).

 copying any part of others’ work.

 submitting items of assessment that are

written in conjunction with other students
(without prior permission).
 What is plagiarism? (cont.)
 submitting a piece of work that has already
been submitted for assessment in another
course.

 presenting other people's designs and

images as your own work.

 submitting work as your own that someone

else has done for you.

 Cutting and pasting internet materials.

 Using someone’s result without permission.

 Example
The original author (Semich, 1992) wrote:
 Microsoft's chairman has explained the company's strategy
to make Windows the universal client operating system
in the enterprise.

The student wrote:

 The company's strategy is to make Windows the
universal client operating system in the enterprise by the
Window Open Services Architecture (WOSA)[Semich, 1992].

 The student has copied word for word from the original
author's article. Although the student acknowledged the
author, he did not put the excerpt in quotation marks or
adequately paraphrase the original wording.

 This is still not acceptable, and may be considered

plagiarism.
 Plagiarism can be committed intentionally or
unintentionally
• Some students deliberately plagiarize and
rationalize with various excuses:
• the pressures of meeting deadlines;
• feeling overworked;
• compensating for actual (or perceived) academic or
language deficiencies.
• Some students commit plagiarism without intending
to do so due to sloppy note taking, insufficient
paraphrasing, and/or ineffective proofreading.
• Those problems, however, neither justify nor
excuse this breach of academic standards.
• By merely changing a few words or rearranging
several words or sentences - it is not paraphrasing.
• Making minor revisions to borrowed text amounts to
plagiarism.
 Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism
 Credit must be given when using one of the
following in the own research paper:
◦ another person's idea, opinion, or theory
◦ any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings or
other non-textual elements used or adapted
from another source
◦ any pieces of information that are not
common knowledge
◦ quotations of another person's actual
spoken or written words
◦ paraphrase of another person's spoken or
written words
 How to avoid plagiarism?
 Citing your references
 Referencing correctly
 Recording direct quotes and paraphrases
correctly when note taking.

1. Direct Quotation

 When you use the exact words, ideas or

images of another person, you are quoting
the author – so have to use quotation marks
around the original author's direct words and
cite the reference.
 How to avoid plagiarism?...
2. Paraphrasing
 Paraphrasing is when you take someone else's
concepts and put them into your own words without
changing the original meaning. Even though you
are not using the same words you still need to cite
the references.

3. Note taking
 Poor note taking can lead to plagiarism. Should
always :
orecord all reference information correctly
ouse quotation marks exactly as in the original
oparaphrase correctly
oclearly distinguish your own ideas from the ideas
of other authors.
 When to paraphrase and when to quote?

 Paraphrase is more common than quotation in

academic writing.
oWhy? Because readers want to understand your
point of view and see your way of putting your
ideas together.

 Paraphrase when using an idea or data from a

source (e.g. book or journal article).
oRemember to reference the source every time
you paraphrase.
oPage numbers may not be necessary, depending
on the referencing system used.
 When to paraphrase and when to quote?

You quote when:

 an author expresses an idea clearly or
well
 an author expresses a particularly
original idea
 wish to illustrate the author's
perspective (particularly well-expressed
opinions which a paraphrase could not
capture)
 Referencing Style
 Referencing styles are established systems of
referencing with consistent rules.
 Referencing style requirements cover two
elements of a referencing system:
oin-text citations such as author-date
citations or footnotes
oreference lists or bibliographies.
 There is a wide range of referencing styles,
each with different origins and features.
 Consistency is most important. Do not mix
referencing styles within one piece of writing.
 Referencing
Style

American Modern
Psychological Harvard Chicago
Language
Citation Style Manual of
Association Style Association
(APA) (MLA)

used in many
used in fields including
psychology, the social,
education, biological and used typically in
Used in natural the humanities,
anthropology, sciences, social physical modern
sociology, and sciences, sciences, and languages and
other behavioral education and humanities literature
social sciences business
 List of References
For books, book chapters, journals, or periodicals, the
information should be in this order:
 author’s family name followed by initials
 year of publication (in brackets)
 title of article (in journal) or chapter (in book)
 title of the book, journal or periodical in italics or
underlined with subtitle (if any) separated from the
title by a colon (:)
 editor’s name (for chapter in an edited book)
 edition (book) or volume & issue numbers (journal)
 publisher’s name
 place of publication (for book)
 page numbers (for book chapter or journal article)
 Citing sources
In-text citations
 Citations should always include the author's
surname (family name / last name) & the date of
publication and normally placed at the end of the
sentence. For example:
o The history of educational innovations is far from
encouraging (Nord, 1986).
o Henman (2002) states that...

 If the citation is particular to a page or pages,

o Papert (1993, p. 23) claims...

 If the citation contains more than one work, it should

appear as:
o .....our social history (Henman, 2002; Palmer & Short,
2002).
 Citing sources…..
 Works by 2 or 3 authors appear as:
oPalmer and Short (2000) contend...
oIf the authors’ names are within brackets, an
ampersand (&) is used: Current research has
shown (Palmer & Short, 2000) that...

 If a work has 3 or more authors, for the first

citation you should name all authors, but in
subsequent citation, simply use the first
author name followed by the expression 'et
al.'(and others).
oGoldschmidt, Smith and Ricardo (2003)
oGoldschmidt et al.(2003) report that...
oIt has been reported (Goldschmidt et al., 2003)...
 Citing sources…..
 If the citation is a direct quote, the page
number or numbers must be given:
oAs Swales (1990, p. 42) states ‘the
propensity for early categorization can lead
to failure’.
o“Language involves attaching meaning to
symbols " (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188)

 When quoting a source which was reported

by another author (citations from secondary
sources):
oSaunders (cited in Henman, 2001. p. 74)
proposes that...
oThe Williams Report (cited in Edgar, 1980,
p. 432) claims that...
 Citing online sources
 For online sources, the information should follow the
same basic order and include the type of medium, the
URL and the date you accessed the page. (Note: A
PDF or scanned version of a journal article is listed as
for a hardcopy version)
o name of the author/ editor/ authoring organization
o title of the page (look in the bar at the top of your browser)
or online journal article
o title of the site (go to the site's homepage) or online journal
o date the page was last updated, or the copyright date
o type of medium (e.g.‘CD-ROM’, ‘networked CD-ROM’ or
‘electronic’ if you are not sure which)
o date you accessed the page
o the full internet address (URL) of the page (i.e. http://etc.) or
the distributor (for CD-ROMS and networked databases).
 Citing sources - footnote/endnote
 In this system, each in-text citation is consecutively
numbered and a corresponding numbered note,
containing publication information about the source,
is provided at the foot of the page or end of the
chapter or paper.

 Numbering should be consecutive (1, 2, 3, 4)

throughout the chapter or paper.

 Footnotes are listed at the foot of the page on which

the citation appears.

 Where citations are too numerous to fit neatly at the

foot of the pages, they should be listed on a
separate page at the end of the chapter or paper as
endnotes.
 Examples: Footnote & Endnote
o Heritage was a word originally used to describe the
treasured possessions parents handed down to
their children in societies which valued and
respected their ancestral relationships28.
o 28. G. Davison, ‘The Meanings of Heritage’ in A
Hertiage Handbook, Allen & Unwin, North Sydney,
1991, p. 1; Bonyady, p. 62.

If the citation is a direct quote, the page number or

numbers must be given in the corresponding note
o Swales states that ‘the propensity for early
categorization can lead to a failure to understand
particular discourses in their own terms’2.
o 2 . J. Swales, Genre Analysis, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, p. 63.
 Citing sources - footnote/endnote (cont.)
First Reference to a Source
 The first reference must contain all of the information
necessary for a reader to find the cited work.
◦ 1. G. R. Palmer and S. D. Short, Healthcare and Public
Policy: An Australian Analysis, 3rd ed., Macmillan, South
Yarra, 2000, pp.33-34.
Subsequent References
 Subsequent references to a previously cited work can be
abbreviated as follows:
◦ 2 G.R. Palmer & S.D. Short, Healthcare and Public Policy:
An Australian Analysis, 3rd ed., Macmillan, South Yarra,
2000.
◦ 3 Palmer & Short, p. 53.

 Some use the Latin abbreviations op.cit. (for

previously cited works) or ibid. (repeat of the
preceding reference).
 Citing sources - footnote/endnote (cont.)
• Where endnotes are used, the list should be given the
heading Notes.
• For books, book chapters, journals, or periodicals, the
information should be in this order:
• author's initials or first name followed by surname, or editor’s
name (for edited book)
• title of article (in journal) or chapter (in book) between
quotation marks and using minimum capitalization with subtitle,
if any, separated from the title by a colon (:)
•editor’s name (for chapter in an edited book)
•name of the journal, periodical or book (in italics or underlined
and with maximum capitalization)
•edition (for book, if other than 1st edition)
•publisher's name (if applicable)
•place of publication (for book)
•volume and issue number (for journal)
•year of publication
•page numbers (for book chapter or journal article)
 References vs. Bibliography
 Reference – is the section where you
credit original writers that you have
cited or quoted in the text.

 Bibliography – is the section that

follows reference where the sources of
wider reading that you have done but
not cited or quoted directly in the text.
 APA and Harvard Referencing Styles
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