Let’s Warm up!

Let us analyze the conversation between the teacher and the student.
Citing Sources
Learning Objectives
1 Identify the importance of citations;

2 Differentiate in-text citation to reference

citation;

3 Identify the different citation styles

appropriate for a specific discipline;

4 Evaluate in-text citations and reference

citations.
What does it mean to “cite” a source?
In writing a paper or report, it means:

You show, in the body of your paper, where

the words or information came from, using
appropriate formatting style.

You provide complete information on the

source (author, title, name of publication,
date, etc.)
 Purpose for Citing Sources

To give credit to the original To promote scholarly To help your audience

author of the work writing identify your original source
 Why Cite our sources?

PLAGIARISM IS A CRIME!
Plagiarism is a serious offense in which
someone takes and uses the ideas,
information, concepts or arguments or
information of someone else, intentionally
or unintentionally.
Listed below are various forms of plagiarism:

• not following the conventions for referencing and

acknowledging sources

• copying a sentence or sentences from a source

word-for-word without giving credit

• self-plagiarism or using the entirety or a part of

one’s previous work in another context or for
another subject without citing that it has been
used before
 Listed below are various forms of plagiarism:

• paraphrasing another person’s work with minor

changes (e.g., replacing words used with synonyms),
but keeping the meaning, form, and/or progression
of ideas of the original or source material without
citation

• piecing together sections of the work of others into a

whole new work and claiming it as one’s own

• copying many words or ideas from a source without

attribution
 Listed below are various forms of plagiarism:

• presenting a work produced in collaboration with

other people as one’s work alone

• submitting the written work of others as one’s own

• buying written work and submitting it for academic

completion

• giving incorrect information about a reference or

the source of a quotation
 Forms of Citation

1. In-Text Citation
• Requires the writer to cite the details of the
reference used in a certain part of his/her essay.
2. Reference Citation
• Refers to the complete bibliographic entry of a
reference used by the writer. This appears in the
reference list found at the last part of the paper.
 In-text Citation
Example (APA style):

Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet

and Internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found
that the frequency of each modality’s use was significantly linked to the
strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002).

Source: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090212013008_560.pdf
Reference Citation
Example (APA style):
These two forms of citations are interdependent
on each other.
Once a source is cited in the text, it
should also appear in the reference
list or else, it maybe considered as
a form of plagiarism.
What are STYLE GUIDES?
-are set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a
specific publication, organization or field. The implementation of a style guide provides
Uniformity in style and formatting within a document and across multiple documents.

http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com
 STYLE GUIDES
American Medical Association (AMA)
Medicine, Health Sciences and other
Natural Sciences.
Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE)
Engineering

Modern Language Association (MLA)

Literature, Arts and Humanities

American Psychological
Association (APA) Chicago Manual Style
Psychology, Reference Books, Non
Education, Business, Academic Periodicals (e.g.
Economics, HRM and journals, newspapers,
other Social Sciences magazines)
AMERICAN
PSYHCOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA)
 Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
✔ Follow the author (latest) year of publication method. Although not required, APA
encourages you to indicate the page numbers even in paraphrases or summaries.
Place the period after the citation when it is at the end of the sentence.

• For a work with only one author, see the example below:

1. According to Sipacio (2019), APA style is required for Business student majors.
2. APA style is applied in the social sciences (Sipacio, 2019).
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)

• For a work with two authors, notice in the example the use of “&” when the citations
are inside the parentheses.

1. According to Sipacio and Barrot (2019), APA style is required for Business student
majors.
2. APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio & Barrot, 2019).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
• For a work with 3 to 5 authors, name all three during the first citation. Then use the
primary author followed by ‘et al.’ (which means ‘and others’) for subsequent citations.
First citation:

1. According to Sipacio, Barrot, and Sanchez (2019), the APA style is appropriate for the
fi elds of nursing and education.
2. The APA style is appropriate for the fi elds of nursing and education (Sipacio, Barrot,
Sanchez, 2019).

Subsequent citations:

1. Sipacio et al. states that in general, the social sciences employ this citation style
(2019).
2. In general, the social sciences employ this citation style (Sipacio et al., 2019).
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)

• For a work with six or more authors, use the primary author followed by ‘et al.’

1. According to Sipacio et al. (2019), APA style is required for Business student
majors.
2. APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio et al., 2019).
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
Direct Quotations
When you use a direct quote with less than 40 words, you are required to include the
page number(s) enclosed in parenthesis. The page number must be preceded by ‘p.’
or ‘pp.’ for multiple pages

1. Sipacio (2019) claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide too complex”
(p. 56).
2. According to Sipacio (2019) “beginners found the APA style guide too complex”
(p. 56).
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
Direct Quotations
When you use a direct quote with 40 words or more, you are still required to include
The page number/s. Start your quotation in a new line with a ½ indentation on the left
margin

The Department of Education (2018) states that

The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education

(six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years
of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts
and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education,
middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. (p. 5)
Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

✔ Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title, the first letter of the first
word of its subtitle after a colon, and the proper nouns.

✔ Italicize the titles. When the article title is used, italicize only the journal title.
Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)
Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)
Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)
MODERN
LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION (MLA)
 Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
✔ This style follows the author’s last name-page method. Note that the author’s name
may appear in the sentence, but the page number should always be in the
parenthetical citation and not in the sentence.

• For a print source with only one author, see the examples below.

1. Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio 54).

• For a print source with two authors, use “and” when the citations are inside the
parentheses.
1. Sipacio and Barrot claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors
(54).
2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio and Barrot 54).
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
• For a print source with three or more authors, use the primary author followed by
‘et al.’.

1. Sipacio et al. claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio et al. 54).

• If the print source does not list an author, use the shortened title of the work
enclosed in quotation marks in place of the author’s name. Do not include initial
articles (e.g., A, An, The) in the title.
MLA style is one of the many citation styles students can use (“Citation Styles” 64).
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Direct Quotations
Use double quotation marks to enclose direct quotes not exceeding four lines. In the
parenthetical citation, give the author’s last name and the page number.

1. Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is a mark of discipline” (56).

2. Would it be fair to say that “adhering to a style is a mark of discipline”
(Miranda 56)?
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Direct Quotations

When you use a quotation with three or more lines, put it in block format, indent, and
use single spacing and a smaller font. Place the reference number enclosed in
brackets after the quoted text but before its closing punctuation mark.

The Department of Education (2018) states that

The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of
primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High
School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop
lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills
development, employment, and entrepreneurship [5].
Guidelines in Reference Citation (MLA)

✔ Place the reference list on a new page separate from the content of your text; label
your list “Works Cited” and align it on the center at the top of the page. Do not use
bold face,underline, or quotation marks for the title.

✔ Apply hanging indentation.

✔ All entries should be double-spaced, just like the rest of the paper.

✔ List the entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name or, for entire edited
collections, editor’s names
Guidelines in Reference Citation (MLA)
Guidelines in Reference Citation (MLA)
Guidelines in Reference Citation (MLA)
INSTITUTE OF
ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERS (IEEE)
Guidelines in In-text Citation (IEEE)
In this style, there is no need to name the author, page number, or date of publication in
the in-text citation. Instead, the references are numbered according to the order in which
they were cited in the text. The reference numbers which appear in the text have to be
enclosed in brackets.

When a reference which was cited earlier is used again in the later parts of the text, the
same reference number will be used (see example below).

1. (Paragraph 2) Sipacio claimed that the IEEE style is complex [1].

2. (Paragraph 5) There are reasons why it has been claimed that using an IEEE
formatting style is complex [1].
Guidelines in In-text Citation (IEEE)
The reference number has to correspond to the full bibliographic details of the text in the
reference list of your paper.
Guidelines in In-text Citation (IEEE)
Direct Quotations
• Use double quotation marks to enclose direct quotes with one to two lines. Place
the reference number enclosed in brackets after the quotation mark.

Sipacio claimed that “beginners found the IEEE style guide too complex”[1]

• When you use a quotation with three or more lines, put it in block format, indent,
and use single spacing and a smaller font. Place the reference number enclosed in
brackets after the quoted text but before its closing punctuation mark.
Guidelines in In-text Citation (IEEE)
Direct Quotations

• When you use a quotation with three or more lines, put it in block format, indent,
and use single spacing and a smaller font. Place the reference number enclosed in
brackets after the quoted text but before its closing punctuation mark.

The Department of Education (2018) states that

The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years
of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High
School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop
lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills
development, employment, and entrepreneurship [5].
 Guidelines in Reference Citation
(IEEE)
✔ Place the reference list on a new page separate from the content of your text; of
label this “References” centered at the top of the page. Do not use bold face,
underline, or quotation marks for the title.
✔ Number each reference in order of initial appearance in the text. Enclose the
number with brackets. The references should appear in numerical order.
Guidelines in Reference Citation
(IEEE)
Guidelines in Reference Citation
(IEEE)
AMERICAN
MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION
(AMA)
Guidelines in In-text Citation (AMA)
✔ As with the IEEE editorial style, there is no need to add the author, date, or year of
publication in the in-text citation. Instead, each reference is assigned a number
according to the order in which it was cited in the text. The number reference is placed
in superscript after the period in the sentence.

AMA style is required for Health Science majors.1

• When two articles of different authors are cited, use a comma to separate the
reference numbers.
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.1,2
Guidelines in In-text Citation (AMA)
• The reference number has to correspond to the full bibliographic details of the text
in the reference list of your paper.
Guidelines in In-text Citation (AMA)
Direct Quotations
When you use a direct quote that is less than four lines, enclose it with quotation marks.
Add the reference number after the closing quotation mark.

Beginners found the AMA style guide too complex.”1

When you use four or more lines of direct quotations. you should use a block quotation
that is indented and single-spaced. Add the reference number at the end of the quote,
after the closing punctuation mark.
The Department of Education (2018) states that
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary
education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide
sufficient
time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary
education, middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship.3
Guidelines in Reference Citation (AMA)
✔ Place the reference list on a new page separate from the content of your text; label
this “References” centered at the top of the page. Do not use bold face, underline,
or quotation marks for the title.

✔ Number each reference in order of initial appearance in the text. The references
should appear in numerical order.

✔ Do not cut or add to the titles.

✔ For book titles, capitalize all the first letters of the major words.

✔ Provide page numbers of sources. Use a hyphen to denote the range of pages.
Guidelines in Reference Citation (AMA)
Guidelines in Reference Citation (AMA)
Chicago Manual of
Style
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
(Chicago)
There are two varieties in the Chicago style:

(1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date.

The “notes and bibliography” system is commonly used by professionals in the fields
of literature, history, and the arts, while the “author-date” system is preferred by those
working in the sciences and social sciences.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
(Chicago)
The in-text citations in the “notes and bibliography” system uses superscript placed
After the closing punctuation mark.
Beginners found the Chicago style guide too complex.1

For five or more lines of direct quotations in the “notes and bibliography” system, put
it in block format, indent, and use single space. Place the superscript after the closing
punctuation mark.
The Department of Education states that

The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years
of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High
School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop
lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills
development, employment, and entrepreneurship.3
Guidelines in In-text Citation (Chicago)
The in-text citations in the “author-date” system consist of the author’s last name, year
of publication, and page number/s, usually in parentheses and found before the closing
punctuation mark

Beginners found the Chicago style guide too complex (Sipacio 2019, 12).

For works with one author using the “author-date” system, see the examples below.

1. Beginners found the Chicago style guide too complex (Sipacio 2019, 12).
2. Sipacio (2019, 12) claimed that “beginners found the Chicago style guide
too complex”.
Guidelines in In-text Citation (Chicago)
For works with two or three authors using the “author-date” system, note the use of
“and.”
Chicago style can be used for newspapers and magazines (Sipacio and
Barrot 2019,178-180).

For works with four or more authors using the “author-date” system, use the primary
author followed by “et.al.

Chicago style can be used for newspapers and magazines (Sipacio et al.
2019, 46).
 Guidelines in Reference Citation
(Chicago Manual of Style)
✔ As mentioned, there are two varieties in the Chicago style:

(1) notes and bibliography (NB) and (2) author-date (AD).

In the NB system, the notes are placed at the end of the page on which the
source is cited. The complete information of the notes should be found in the
Bibliography.

The reference format of the AD system, on the other hand, is more similar to
other citation styles.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation
(Chicago Manual of Style)
Notes (N) and Bibliography
(B) Format
 Guidelines in Reference Citation
(Chicago Manual of Style)
Notes (N) and Bibliography
(B) Format
Guidelines in Reference Citation
(Chicago Manual of Style)
Author-Date Format
Sources
Guidelines in Reference Citation
(Chicago Manual of Style)
Author-Date Format
Sources
 Quick Guide to In-text Citation Styles
APA MLA IEEE AMA CHICAGO

(Sipacio, 2019) According to According to According to Note Bibliography

Sipacio (12) Sipacio [1] Sipacio 1
Sipacio Beginners
(2019, p. 12) Sipacio (12) Barrot [2] Barrot 2 found...1

(Sipacio & Barrot, (Sipacio and Sipacio and Sipacio and According to
2019) Barrot 178-180) Barrot [3] Barrot 3 Sipacio2

(Sipacio et al., (Sipacio et al. 46) Sipacio et al. [4] Sipacio et al. Author-date
2019) (Sipacio 2019, 12)

Sipacio (2019, 12)

(Sipacio and
Barrot 2019, 178-
180)

(Sipacio et al.
2019, 46)
Quick Guide to Reference Citation Styles
(Books)
APA Diestel, R. (2018). Graph Theory. NY: Springer.

MLA Diestel, Reinhard. Graph Theory. Springer, 2018.

IEEE R. Diestel, Graph Theory. NY: Springer, 2018.

AMA Diestel R. Graph Theory. New York: Springer; 2018.

Note and Bibliography Format

Diestel, Reinhard. Graph Theory. NY: Springer, 2018.
CHICAGO Author-Date Format
Diestel, Reinhard. 2018. Graph Theory. NY: Springer.
Thank you