PLAGIARISM; EFFECTIVE NOTETAKING

It feels good to be recognized for something you do, whether it is a small or big project. Conversely, if your work is used without
any mention of you as the creator, you will surely feel that it is unfair and unethical. In the academic community, much premium is placed
on attributing something to the right person, so it is important that credit is given where it is due.

PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is a serious form of academic dishonesty and is frowned upon in the academe. Plagiarism is defined as the copying
verbatim of language and ideas of other writers and taking credit for them.
Plagiarism means presenting work that is not your own without acknowledging the original source of the work. It does not matter
whether you do this on purpose or accidentally.

Dishonest Plagiarism

Plagiarism will be considered dishonest where you have done it on purpose, or if the amount of copied or unacknowledged work
dominates your own original work.

Therefore, academic writers have a great responsibility to account for the ideas and language of others. Similar to treating
someone else’s belongings, you need to respect the ownership of what is not yours. In sum, great care should be observed in writing a
text that depends on outside sources.
Plagiarism can include copying any material without correct referencing, regardless of the medium in which the original material
was published. This includes material in hard copy (books, journals, theses, etc.), soft copy (internet, email attachments, e-journals, etc.),
other digital formats (audio visual, MP3s, etc.) and live presentations (lectures, speeches, etc.).

For example, it is considered plagiarism if you:

 copy ideas, phrases, paragraphs, formulas, methods, evidence, programming code, diagrams, images, artworks or musical
scores without correctly referencing where it came from
 copy from another student’s work without indicating this is what you have done
 mention the source in your bibliography but do not reference content properly in the main body of your work, so the assessor
does not know what work is your own
 change the order of words taken from other material but retain the original idea or concept, without correct referencing
 quote from a speech or lecture without acknowledging the speaker
 quote from a secondary source, without acknowledging the primary source.
This means you can be seen as plagiarizing not only in your written work, but also in oral presentations, artworks or
performances, for example.

This respect can be preserved using note-taking strategies and techniques for rephrasing materials for your work. Also, citations
can be done to acknowledge the ownership of the work you used.
PURPOSES FOR CITING SOURCES
It is important not only to get information from credible sources but also to properly document all borrowed ideas, information,
concepts, arguments, or information and attribute them to their authors or creators. This is done by citing sources. This procedure, which
is an integral part of academic and professional writing, serves the following purposes.
 To give credit to the original author of a work. Plagiarism is a serious offense in which someone takes and uses the ideas,
information, concepts, arguments, or information of someone else, intentionally or unintentionally, without proper citations.
 To promote scholarly writing. Scholarly writing means that you are able to exhaustively use related and existing ideas,
information, concepts, or arguments of an expert and to properly attribute these to the original source.
 To help your target audience identify your original source. More often than not, your target audience or readers want to
either verify the information or learn more about the information from the original source. With your proper citations, your target
audience can easily identify the location of the original source used in your paper.

FORMS OF CITATION
There are various styles or formats used to cite sources, but there are only two forms of citations: in-text citation and reference
citation.
1. In-text citation requires the writer to cite the details of the reference used in a certain part of his/her essay. The format of in-
text citations vary per style.
2. Reference citation refers to the complete bibliographic entries of all references used by the writer. This appears in the reference
list found at the last part of the paper.
These two forms of citations are dependent on each other. Once a source is cited in-text, it should also appear in the reference
list or else it may be considered as a form of plagiarism.

CITATION STYLE GUIDES

These citations are governed by rules of style and structure, which are generally published as style guides or manuals. Some
of the widely used style guides are listed below.
1. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
2. The Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA)
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
4. American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
5. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
Each style guide is prepared by specific disciplines as shown below. Consult your teacher on his/her preference for your class
projects.

STYLE GUIDE DISCIPLINE

APA psychology, education, HRM, business, economics, and other social sciences
MLA literature, arts, and humanities
IEEE engineering
AMA medicine, health sciences, and other natural sciences
CMS reference books, non-academic periodicals (e.g., newspapers, magazines,
journals, among others
BASIC CITATION STRUCTURE
The three format that you may use in citing your sources are idea heading, author heading, and date heading.
1. Idea Heading Format – in this format, the idea comes before the citation.
2. Author Heading Format – in this format, the idea comes after the citation. The author’s name/s is/are connected by an
appropriate reporting verb.
3. Date Heading Format – in this format, the idea comes after the date when the material was published.

The objective of academic writing is for you to say something for yourself using the ideas of the subject, for you to
present ideas you have learned in your own way. You can do this by reporting the works of others in your own words. You can either
paraphrase if you want to keep the length the same, summarize if you want to make the text shorter or synthesize if you need to use
information from several sources. In all cases you need to acknowledge other people's work.

There are two types of plagiarism: plagiarism of ideas and plagiarism of language.
A. PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS occurs when credit for a work is ascribed to oneself untruthfully. For instance, if one writes a
paper on the theory of relativity of physics and no mention of Einstein was given, the writer explicitly or implicitly claims that
this theory is his or hers. Plagiarism of ideas has been committed.
To address this, proper citations should be done. Citations are done in different ways.
o Author-oriented citation
An author-oriented citation starts with the surname of the author, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.
Verbs of statement such as argues, posits, and emphasizes at the start of paragraph or sentence may be used.

Example: Pulido (2012) believes that language in an online environment can be understood if other modes of online
communication are further analyzed to provide a full account of interaction in virtual worlds.

o Text-oriented citation
In a text-oriented citation, a paragraph or sentence from a source is followed with the surname of the author of the work
and the year of publication. The citation must be enclosed in parentheses.
Example: Unless educators realize the importance of reading and writing across subject areas, problems in
comprehension of subject matter will be a prominent issue in the teaching learning process (Estacio, 2010).
Another way of citation

Aside from texts, movies, images, and music should be cited if used on your paper. The general rule is that the author,
title of work (may it be image, movie, or music) and year it was produced (if applicable) be included in the citation. (You may
refer to http://www.nait.ca/libresources/Citations/APA_Examples.pdf for other methods of citing different sources.)

Consider the following examples:

Images:

1. Luna’s Spoliarium (1884) inspired several artists in music and creative writing to produce works related to this
powerful painting.
2. In 1884, Luna’s Spoliarium presented the different aspects of Philippine life.
Video:
1. Spencer’s (2009) “The Matchmaker” shows the different experiences of artists when they struggle with stardom
and deal with the consequences of fame and fortune.
 2. “The Matchmaker” (Spencer, 2009) accurately captures the trials and tribulations of fame and fortune of artists
making it big in show business.
Music:
1. The Beatle’s song “A Hard Day’s Night” (1964) features John Lennon and Paul McCartney’s genius that will
influence generations of musicians to create songs that challenge the norm.
2. John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the song “A Hard Day’s Night” (1964) which is considered as one of the
Beatle’s greatest hits in their illustrious career.

B. PLAGIARISM OF LANGUAGE happens when an author uses the language of another writer and claims it as his or her
own. There are several types of plagiarism of language:

Consider the following examples. The first is copied word-for-word from a source.

The two types of surrogacy currently known to date are traditional and gestational surrogacy. For the traditional method, the
surrogate mother is artificially inseminated either by an intended father or an anonymous sperm donor, as the surrogate mother will
have planned to bear her own child. Hence, the child is related to both the surrogate mother, and the intended father or the
anonymous sperm donor. People who usually do this would want to raise a child without sexual intimacy from the opposite sex.
In the gestational method however, an egg is removed from the hopeful mother, to be fertilized by the sperm of the intended
father. The fertilized egg is then implanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother, who will carry the child to term. In contrast with
the traditional method, the child is not related to the surrogate mother but only to the intended or the anonymous sperm donor and
the mother who possessed the egg.
- Tuason, H. (2012). Surrogacy. Unpublished Essay. Department of English
and Applied Linguistics, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

Below is an example of word-for-word plagiarism of the text. Notice that the writer simply cites the author but copies the whole
text verbatim:

Tuason (2012) states that the two types of surrogacy currently known to date are traditional and gestational surrogacy. For
the traditional method, the surrogate mother is artificially inseminated either by an intended father or an anonymous sperm donor, as
the surrogate mother will have planned to bear her own child. Hence, the child is related to both the surrogate mother, and the
intended father or the anonymous sperm donor. People who usually do this would want to raise a child without sexual intimacy from
the opposite sex. In the gestational method however, an egg is removed from the hopeful mother, to be fertilized by the sperm of the
intended father. The fertilized egg is then implanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother, who will carry the child to term. In contrast
with the traditional method, the child is not related to the surrogate mother but only to the intended or the anonymous sperm donor
and the mother who possessed the egg.

Note-taking techniques such as summarizing, using quotations, and paraphrasing are used to address plagiarism of language.
This means that aside from citing work to attribute ownership of ideas, the language must observe novelty such that it express the ideas
of works cited but at the same time employs the voice of the author writing the academic paper.
To address plagiarism of language, effective note-taking techniques should be used. As mentioned earlier, citations are used
to attribute ownership of ideas to authors. Note-taking techniques, on the other hand, allow you to rephrase original text into your own.
There are three types of note-taking techniques: using direct quotations, summarizing, and paraphrasing. All of these will
be discussed on a separate class module.