Study Session 15

STYLE MANUAL (IN-TEXT CITATION/REFERENCING)

Introduction
You will need to use citations to give credit to the original source of an idea, quote, or piece of
information you use in your research. It is important that you understand some concepts in order
to conduct a successful research. Such concepts include: Fair use, Unfair use and plagiarism.
Therefore, in this study session you will learn about the use of in-text citation/referencing

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this study session, you will be able to:
 Articulate the concept plagiariasm, its consequences and how to avoid it
 Evaluate the different reference styles and how to cite appropriately

15.1 Understanding the Concept Fair Use

In academic environment, student or researcher relies on knowledge of other people that have
been documented to do his or her academic work effectively. “Fair use is a judicial doctrine that
refers to a use of copyrighted material that does not infringe or violate the exclusive rights of the
copyright holder” (The Free Dictionary). The concept of the copyright law (or author‟s right)
states that one cannot use any creative work without permission of the owner. Anyone found
guilty of this offence is liable to prosecution under the law (New York University Libraries,
2017).
However, the concept of fair use allows copyrighted works to be used without permission under
certain conditions. The University of California
(http://copyright.universityofcalifornia.edu/use/fair-use.html) identified certain purposes for
which copyrighted works can be used without permission as criticism, comment, news reporting,
teaching, etc for non-commercial purposes.
Works that are eligible for copyright as identified by World Intellectual Property Organization
are books, music, paintings, sculpture, films, computer programs, databases, advertisement,
maps, and technical drawings.

Unfair use
Although, the concept of fair use allows the usage of copyrighted materials for academic
purposes, this must however, be done to certain limit. Unfair use comes in when student or
researcher copy any copyrighted work indiscriminately either with or without acknowledgment.
 1: What do you understand by the term Fair use?

1:Fair use connotes the usage of copyrighted materials for academic purposes to a
certain limit.

15.2 Plagiarism

Plagiarism can refer to a wide range of academic integrity issues both inside and outside of
academic writing. This study session discusses the appropriate ways students should incorporate
and cite sources they use in their writing.
In this study you will:
Explore examples of plagiarism,
Practice the appropriate way to cite sources to avoid plagiarism, and
Learn about possible writing habits that might encourage or contribute to a student
plagiarizing.

What is Plagiarism?
The word “Plagiarism” is from the Latin word “Plagiarius”, meaning “Kidnapper” (Reitz, 2004).
Plagiarism is act of using copyrighted work without permission or acknowledging the source. It
could be in form of plagiarizing either other people‟s copyrighted work or organization‟s
copyrighted work or even self-owned copyrighted works. As a student, it will be said that you
have committed an offense of self-plagiarism when you copied from your previous assignment
for a new assignment without acknowledgment. Plagiarism is generally considered as „academic
theft‟ in an academic environment. The use of the Internet to appropriate the ideas or expression
of another has been dubbed cyber plagiarism (Reitz, 2004).

What can be done to avoid plagiarism?

To avoid plagiarism, any copyrighted works used must be dully acknowledged. This can be done
by obeying the following rules and regulations in an academic environment:
(a)Internal citation or foot notes must be done properly according to the prescribed
reference style.
(b) Internal citation or footnotes must be listed in the reference list or bibliography.
In addition, the Board of Studies Teaching and Educational Standard
(http://amow.bostes.nsw.edu.au) advised that it is important that students or researchers learn;
 How to manage time to leave enough time for academic works.
 How to paraphrase correctly.
 The skill of citation.

2: Enumerate the steps you can take to avoid plagiarism.

2: Plagiarism can be avoided by taking the following steps:
 Do internal citation or footnotes properly according to the prescribed reference style.
 List all internal citation or footnotes in the reference list or bibliography

Consequences of plagiarism
Plagiarism is an academic fraud which comes with serious consequences. Some of these are
personal, professional, and legal. Basically, it carries significant but various penalties among
which are the following:
1. The academic reputation of the offender could be destroyed.
2. It could lead to suspension/rustication of affected student.
3. It could lead to summary dismissal of affected member of staff in academic environment.
4. It can also affect the reputation of institutions.
5. It can also lead to prosecution.
Citing the originator of the creative work that has been consulted is therefore very important. In
support of this view, the submissions of Omekwu and Okafor (2015) on reasons for citing
published works are summarised below;
 Acknowledgement of people‟s works and ideas is essential for moral and legal reasons.
 To give credit to works done by others.
 To give direction to prospective researchers on resources of interest to consult.
 Verification of citations in support of authors‟ arguments.
 Reveals the scope and quality of the researcher‟s work.
 Positions expressed in a research work are strengthened when previous good sources are
cited.
Sources which could be cited include: secondary sources (such as books, encyclopaedia,
dictionary, scholarly journals, newspapers, and magazines), electronic resources, institutional
sources, websites and Grey literature (such as thesis and dissertations, technical reports,
conference proceedings).

Activity: Argue for the topic: Avoidance of plagiarism among students is

one of the necessary ethics in research

15.3 Citation/ Referencing style

Referencing styles are the various ways of acknowledging literature sources consulted in a piece
of writing. It is a set of rules telling a researcher how to acknowledge the thoughts, ideas and
works of others in a particular way. It is indeed is a crucial part of successful academic writing.
Referencing is composed of two parts; in-text referencing and the reference list placed at the end
of the assignment. This allows the reader to follow the brief citation in-text to the full set of
details in the reference list. Any citation given in-text must be included in the reference list, and
vice-versa. The only variation to this is for personal communications, such as conversations,
lectures or email. These are non-print and are cited in the body of the text only.
The University of Sydney library guide states that students, throughout their academic
experience in the university, will likely use different styles, or ways, of citing sources (The
University of Sydney, 2017). This will however depend on the discipline of the course of study.
The guide explains that composition courses will likely us the MLA (Modern Language
Association) style of formatting citations while the sciences and social sciences will often use
APA (American Psychological Association) style. There are other styles such as the Chicago
Style of formatting used by the humanities.
While all of these styles differ, there are some key elements in all of these formats that you will
need to record while you collect your sources. Keep in mind that all citation styles are different
so you will want to look at the citation guide assigned by your lecturer/instructor when recording
your sources.
 Author: Many sources will include an author. How authors are cited will vary by style.
 Titles: Titles for books will usually consist of the title found on the title page. When
using a book that is a collection or anthology you will be required to provide the name of
the work and the title of the book. For periodicals you will need the name of the article,
not the periodical name, for the title.
 Publication Information: For books the publication information will often include the
publisher and where it was published. For periodicals you will need the magazine or
journal name and in some cases the volume and issue numbers. For websites look for an
organization that created the content.
 Dates: Most sources will have a date. Try to record all of the date information.
 Access: You will often say where you accessed a source. Was it from the Web or Print?
Is there a URL or Digital Object Identifier (DOI)?
Keep in mind that all citation styles may ask for different pieces of information for your citation.
Since these requirements are different you will want to look at the citation guide assigned by
your instructor when recording your sources. Each style has a manual that guides its acceptable
manner of citation and referencing, hence we have citation and referencing style manuals
The different types of referencing styles include:

American Psychological Association (APA)

American Psychological Association (APA) style is most commonly used to cite sources within
the social sciences. The American Psychological Association style is popular with academics
and scholarly publishing around the world. It has undergone frequent changes since inception
and at present, it is in its 6th edition.

(a) In-text Referencing in APA

Where information from another source has been used in an assignment, it is supported with
the author‟s surname, year of publication and page number if using a direct quotation.
 • quotations of less than 40 words are set out within the body of the text, enclosed with double
quotation marks “ ”.
• quotations of more than 40 words should be set out in a block, commenced on a new line
and indented 5 spaces from the left hand margin. Quotation marks are not used.
• page numbers are not included when you summarize or paraphrase someone‟s work.
b) Reference List in APA
The reference list at the end of a work contains the author‟s surname and initials, title and
publication details. These include the edition, place and date of publication. For electronic
resources, this can include website addresses, and the date the material was retrieved.
The reference list must be set out:
• in alphabetical order using the surname of the author
• if there is no author, use the title of the material
• italics are to be used for book and journal titles, websites, and also the volume
number of journals. The issue number is not written in italics.
• lines following the first line of entry must be indented 5 spaces.
Examples to use as Guidelines for APA Referencing

In-text Citation Reference List Citation

Books

Single author John states “all of us needB John, P. (2002). Mental health and mental
reassurance occasionally” illness (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
(2002, p. 77).
or
“all of us need reassurance
occasionally” (John, 2002, p.
77).

. Stone and Chip explain…St Stone, P. J., & Chip, M. (2003). Nursing
2 authors (2003, p. 35). and the law (5th ed.). Marrickville:
or Elsevier.
The law is explained as “…”
(Stone & Chip, 2003, p. 35).
Use the ampersand within
parentheses (&) and the word
and in the sentence.

3 3-5 authors First entry O Fred, J., Dick, A., McMenamin, P., & Lee,
“Classification of congenital W. (2002). The eye: Basic sciences in
malformation is difficult” practice. Sydney: Saunders.
(Fred, Dick, McMenamin&
Lee, 2002, p. 128).
or
Fred, Dick, McMenamin and
 Lee describe why the
“classification of congenital
malformation is very difficult”
(2002, p. 128).
Subsequent entries
(Fred, et al., 2002, p. 150)
Book with 6 or moreF B Bennett, M., de Young, R., Saunders, L.,
authors The future of nursing (Bennett Carrapiett, D., Pressley, P., &Etridge, S., et
et al., 2001) … al. (2001). Nursing in the new millennium.
Et al. is used from the first Perth, WA: Manning Press.
entry in-text. If there are more than 6 authors do not list
any names after the 6th, write et al. in their
place.
B Book without an False high blood pressureN Nursing procedures made incredibly easy.
author reading may be caused by “… ” (2002). Springhouse: Springhouse.
(Nursing Procedures, 2002, p.
17).
When a work has no author, use
the first few words of the title
as written in the reference list.
The title is given in italics, with
capitals.
B Book with an editor Manubrium is described as Macpherson, G. (Ed.). (1995). Black‟s
“…” (Macpherson, 1995, p. medical dictionary (38th ed.). London: A &
307). C Black.
Di Dictionary A Dictionary of Nursing AA dictionary of nursing (4th ed.). (2003).
(2003, p. 63) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
defines bradycardia as “…”
Entry in an Stevens (2005) describes … St Stevens, C. F. (2005). Nervous system. In
encyclopaedia The World Book encyclopedia (Vol. 14,
wi with an author pp. 132-136). Chicago: World Book.
Entry in an The general features of theIn Nerves and nervous systems. (1984). The
nervous system (“Nerves and new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 12, pp.
encyclopaedia without Nervous Systems,” 1984) … 975-993). Chicago: Encyclopaedia
an author Britannica.

Citing a primary Palfrey (2000, as cited in Talbot, L., &Verrinder, G. (2005).

reference from a Talbot &Verrinder, 2005, p. 79) Promoting health: A primary care
secondary source claims that health policies … approach (3rd ed.). Marrickville: Elsevier.
Only the book that has been
read is the one included in the
reference list.
 Citing a number of Several studies (Hamilton,
authors at one time 2005; Stevens, 2003) have
shown that … Each title is referenced individually.
Put authors in alphabetical
order, separated by a
semicolon.

J Journal Articles

J Journal article, with Gregory and Verdouw (2005)G Gregory, S., &Verdouw, J. (2005).
subtitle, in print explain the Therapeutic touch: Its application for
residents in aged care. Australian Nursing
Journal, 12(7), 23- 25.
T basic philosophy as ...

Journal article with no Mobile phones could monitor patient

author health. (2007). Nursing Times, 102(50), 2.

The use of mobile phones could

be used by nurses in the
community (“Mobile Phones”,
2007).
If it is a long title you can
include only the first few words
of the article title, and enclose it
in double quotation marks.

Journal article from an Knezev, M. (2009). Estimating the

electronic database long-term costs of diabetic kidney disease:
Knezev claims there is a An economic approach. Applied Economic
“diabetes epidemic” in the Letters, 16(10), 1059-1064. Retrieved from
United States (2009, p. 1061). Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost.

E Electronic Resources

Document on the There are a number of concerns

WWW with an author for Di Diabetes WA. (2006). Gestational.
or sponsor gestational diabetes (Diabetes Retrieved October 17, 2008, from
WA, 2006) … http://diabeteswa.
com.au/Default.aspx?f=pv&ctr=Default&m
 id =133&pid=433&page_id=436

Document on the This WA Deaf Society website

WWW explains the rights of deaf
without a date individuals (n.d.).

A Deaf Society. (n.d.). You have rights!

Retrieved October 17, 2008, from
http://www.wadeaf.org.au/index.php?id=45

eBook (Faull, Carter & Daniels, 2005) Faull, C., Carter, Y.H., & Daniels, L.
(2005). Handbook of palliative care (2nd
ed.). Wiley- Blackwell. Retrieved from
Central Institute of Technology eBook
Library.

N Newspapers

Newspaper article with O‟Leary reported “commonO‟Leary, C. (2005, June 11). Painkillers raise
A author painkillers …” heart attack risk. The West Australian, p. 1
(2005, p. 1).

Newspaper article with In a story from Virginia

no author (“Chemist Refuses”, 2008), it
was found … Chemist refuses to sell contraceptives.
If the title of the article is long, (2008, October 23). The West Australian,
just put in the first few words. p. 36.

15.3.2. Harvard Referencing Style

Harvard is a style of referencing, primarily used by university students, to cite information sources.
Two types of citations are included: In-text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing
a source. This is located in the body of the work and contain a fragment of the full citation.
Harvard uses the 'author-date' style of referencing. In-text references (generally) appear in the
following format: (Author's Last Name Year of Publication, Page Number(s))
Example: (Austen 1813, p. 64)
Examples of in-text-citation and reference list using Harvard style

Book In-Text Example Reference List Example

single author (Holt 1997) or Holt Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices,
(1997) wrote that… Prentice-Hall, Sydney.
2 or 3 authors (McCarthy, William McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997,
& Pascale 1997) Basic marketing, Irwin, Sydney.
more than 3 authors (Bond et al. 1996) Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M
1996, Management of small firms, McGraw-Hill,
Sydney.
no author (A history of A history of Greece 1994, Irwin, Sydney.
Greece 1994)
editor (Jones 1998) Jones, MD (ed) 1998, Management in Australia,
Academic Press, London.
2 or more editors (Bullinger&Warnec Bullinger, HJ &Warnecke HJ (eds) 1985, Toward
ke 1985) the factory of the future, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Organisation as (Australian Bureau Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource
author of Agriculture Economics 2001, Aquaculture developments in
and Resource Australia: a review of key economic issues,
Economics 2001) ABARE, Canberra.
Chapter or article (Milkman 1998, p. Milkman, R 1998, „The new American workplace:
in edited book 25) High
road or low road?” in P Thompson & C
Warhurst, (eds), Workplaces of the future, pp. 22-
34. Macmillan Press, London.
Edition other than (Drafke 2009) Drafke, M 2009, The human side of organizations,
first 10th edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey.
eBook (Drucker 2012) Drucker, P 2012, Managing the non-profit
organization, Routledge, London. Available from:
Ebook Library. [29 September 2015].
Journal article: (Conley &Galeson Conley, TG &Galeson, DW 1998, „Nativity and
print 1998) wealth in mid- nineteenth century cities‟, Journal
of Economic History, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-493.
Journal article: (Liveris 2011) Liveris, A 2011, „Ethics as a strategy‟, Leadership
electronic database Excellence, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 17-18. Available
from: ProQuest. [13 October
2015].
Webpage (Weida&Stolley Weida, S &Stolley, K 2013, Developing strong
 2013) thesis statements.
Available from:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/588/1/.
[13 October 2015].
Newspaper: print (Devlin 2011) Devlin, M 2011, 'Keys found to success by the less
privileged',
The Australian, 16 November, p. 32.
Newspaper: (Garvey 2015) Garvey, P 2015, „Investors sue after contract
electronic problems‟, The
database Australian, 10 November, p. 20. Available from:
Factiva. [10 November 2015].

15.3.3. The Modern Language Association (MLA) Referencing Style

The Modern Language Association (MLA) style is a widely used referencing system which helps
an author to acknowledge other authors ideas; enables a reader to quickly locate the source of the
material and also indicate to the reader the scope and depth of the research. In Modern
Language Association (MLA) style, the in-text-citation starts with author‟s last name and page
number while reference list starts with Author‟s last name, first name and title of publication,
place of Publication, publisher and year of publication.
Book In text citation Reference list

Book with one In another study McDonagh, Sean. Why are we Deaf to the Cry of
author (McDonagh 80)…. or the Earth. Dublin: Veritas, 2001.
McDonagh has
discussed (80)….
Book with two or Bethany and McLean McLean, Bethany and Peter Elkind. The Smartest
three authors (122) highlight…. Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and
Scandalous Fall of Enron. New York: Portfolio,
2004.
Book with more McGeady, et al (155) McGeady, Thomas et al. Veterinary Embryology.
than three suggests…. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006
authors
Book with an Booth (55) argues…. Booth, David. Ed. Rethinking Social Development:
editor Theory, Research and Practice. Essex: Longman,
1994.
Book with a Figures from the Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural
corporate author Department of Development. Pedigree Sheep Breed Improvement
Agriculture (25)…. Programme: Performance Results for Lambs
Summer 2000. Cavan: Department of Agriculture,
Food and Rural Development, 2000.
Print Journal Mann (850) argues…. Mann, Susan. "Myths of Asian Womanhood."
article Journal of Asian Studies. 59.1 (2000): 835-62.
E-journal article Faris (440) highlights Faris, Marc. “That Chicago Sound: Playing with
the role…. (Local) Identity in Underground Rock.” Popular
Music & Society 27.4 (2004): 429-454. EBSCOhost.
Web. 5 April 2011.
Print Newspaper Gleeson (16) argues…. Gleeson, Jim. "Towards Holistic Approach to
article School Discipline." Irish Times 10 February 2006,
p.16.
Online Others (Keenan) Keenan, Dan. "North Voters Go to Polls Today."
Newspaper reported…. Irish Times. The Irish Times 5 May 2010. Web. 5
article May 2011.
Page on a According to another Harris, Robert. "Evaluating Internet Research
website source (Evaluating Sources." VirtualSalt. 15 June 2008. Web. 27 April
Internet Research)…. 2011.

Activity:Identify the specific reference style(s)used in your own discipline

and practice with a course mate of yours on how to use such reference
style.

Summary of Study session 15

 To avoid plagiarism, you will need to use citations to give credit to the original source of an idea,
quote, or piece of information you use in your research.
 To conduct a successful research you must understand concepts such as Fair use, Unfair use and
plagiarism.
 Plagiarism is an academic fraud which come with serious consequences
 Citation/ Referencing styles are the various ways of acknowledging literature sources consulted
in a piece of writing.
 Referencing is composed of two parts; in-text referencing and the reference list placed at the end
of the assignment.
 Throughout your academic experience in the university, you will likely use different
referencing styles. Referencing style depend on the discipline of the course of study.
 Referencing styles include the MLA (Modern Language Association), APA (American
Psychological Association), Chicago, and Harvard.
 All citation styles are different so you will want to look at the citation guide assigned by your
lecturer/instructor when recording your sources.
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs)
It is assumed that since you have completed this study session you would be able to answer the
following questions:
SAQ 1.1 (Test learning outcome 15.1): In an academic environment what does the term fair use
connote?
SAQ 1. 2(Test learning outcome 15.1): List three ways by which plagiarism can be avoided
SAQ 1. 3(Test learning outcome 15.2): List the different reference styles you have come across in this
study session
SAQ 1. 4(Test learning outcome 15.2): You have just consulted a book with the following details:
Author: Maxwell, O. P., & Daniel, I.
Year of Publication: 2017
Title: Introduction to Geodesy.
Publisher: Oxford
Place of Publication. England
Use the above information to state how you would cite this book in the reference list using
a) APA reference style
b) Harvard reference style

References
Howard, R. M., & Watson, M. (2010). The scholarship of plagiarism: Where we‟ve been
, where we are, what‟s needed next. WPA: Writing Program Administration, 33(3), 116-124.
Omekwu, C. O. and Okafor, V. N. (2015). How to cite resources consulted in the research
process. In Introduction to the use of the library and study skills edited by Charles O.
Omekwu, Micheal O. Okoye &Chinwe N. Ezeani, 2nded; Enugu: University of Nigeria
Press Limited.
University of California (2017). Copyright. Retrieved on 8 December 2017 from:
http://copyriht.universityofcalifornia.edu/use/fair-use.html

Suggestion for Further Reading

Gilmore, B. (2008). Plagiarism: Why it happens, how to prevent it. Portsmouth, NH:
Heinemann.
Bretag, T., & Mahmud, S. (2015). A conceptual framework for implementing exemplary
academic integrity policy in Australian higher education. Handbook of academic
integrity, 1-14.