PERPERTUAL SUCCOUR ACADEMY,INC.

Malabuyoc, Cebu

Teacher-made Learner’s Home Task

WEEK 10 QUARTER 3 (2nd Semester)

Name:___________________ Date: _______________

Subject Area: Practical Research I Time Allotment:_______
Teacher: Cristal E. Bero
Learning presents written review of literature CS_RS11-IIIfj-6
Competencies:
Subject Matter Criteria in Selecting, Citing, and Synthesizing Related
Literature
1. Objectives
1. Read and select relevant literature;
2. cite related literature using standard style;
3. synthesize information from relevant literature;
4. writes coherent review of literature; and
5. follow ethical standards in writing related literature.Perseverance
Procedures
Readings: Exposed to a wide source of facts and conditioned by a limited timeframe during the
conduct of study, it is necessary that you have a guided approach in reading or
reviewing various literature works that are related to your research topic. Here are
some points to consider in an effective literature review:

Step 1: Search for the Literature There are many sources of information available such
as the Internet, books, peer-reviewed articles in journals, publications, unpublished
works like theses and dissertations (detailed and comprehensive accounts of a research
work submitted for a higher degree at a university), conference proceedings (brief
summaries of research work presented at conferences),books, leaflets, posters, blogs,
and other library materials offline and online. Some websites might give valuable
information such as Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, and the likes but they are not as
dependable as other sources of knowledge since it can be edited and considered not a
scholarly article (Baraceros, 2016). Therefore, there is a need to carefully evaluate
online sources as to accuracy and veracity of information. Furthermore, the following
are key points in searching literature:

1. In gathering sources, have focus, a clearly indicated scope and purpose of the
review.
2. Isolate and centre your research on key themes or issues related to your own
research interests.
3. Choose articles which are closely related to your research interest.
4. Choose studies conducted by experts and authorities in that same field of knowledge
with your study.
5. Peer-reviewed materials are much preferable than general sources of ideas.

Step 2: Reading and Citing Source of Material

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In reviewing related literature, you come up with ideas borrowed from someone else;
therefore, it is but polite, honesty, and courtesy to learn to acknowledge other people’s
intellectual rights and to avoid plagiarism. The following are three terms to express
recognition of author’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012).

1. Acknowledgment. It identifies individuals who have contributed to the making

of the manuscript, written at the start of the paper.
2. References or Bibliography. A whole list of literary materials including all
books, journal, theses, and dissertations along with other sources mentioned
above. References are arranged alphabetically in some papers or in order of
sequence as it comes out in the paper. This holds the summary of the
information of all of your sources. Information needed in making the
referencing list involves the following:

a. Author’s name
b. Date of the publication of the source.
c. Page number where you found the information.
d. Publisher e. Place of Publishing
f. Volume g. Edition
h. Other relevant information –date of access

Example of References

Baptista, P. Benefits to Teaching Hydroponics in the Classroom. August 15, 2014.

http://blog.zipgrow.com/teaching-hydroponics-in-the-classroom/

Benton,J.J.2004.Hydroponics. A practical guide for the soiless grower.2nd

Edition,CRC press pp.35-150.

Brechner, M. Floating Hydroponics: A Guide to Student Experiments Growing Plants

without Soil. Cornell University. http://csip.cornell.edu.

Divina, J. C. 2015. Lettuce Production Guide.Department of Agriculture. Bureau of

Plant Industry-National Crop Research and Development Center.
Retrievedfromhttp://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/Lettuce.pdf.
Accessed 12/7/2018

3. Citation, or In-text-citation. Referring author within the main body of the text.
Citations can be done by paraphrasing, summarizing, or through quotations. It
can be written in the beginning of a text, between the text, or at the last part of
the paragraph. Examples are shown:

Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more sustainable, resilient and
responsive …

A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from algae contain such
components as polysaccharides

This planting system is a sustainable alternative that reduces dependence on water and
fertilizer and requires less space (Alshrouf, 2017), making it ideal in urban places.

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Productivity is declining as the country is facing a burgeoning population of more than
a hundred million, where majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition
(Briones, et al, 2017).

There are three basic methods of referencing the author referred in your paper. These
are the APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language
Association), and the Chicago Manual Style. In this module, we will be focusing on the
two most commonly used styles of referencing. Moreover, between the two, APA is
the most frequently used within the social sciences in citing various sources. The
following table shows examples of MLA and APA styles of referencing:

Step 3: Creating or synthesizing your review of related literature

Developing your review of related literature by gathering ideas from other

researches can be done by some patterns or techniques like paraphrasing,
quoting, and summarizing it. In doing so, you may either change the
arrangement of ideas, structures of language by using synonyms, changing
format of words by comparison contrast, chronological order, passive-active
sentences, inductive-deductive order, or by fusing opinions with the author’s
ideas. In quoting, a part of an author’s words are repeated in writing but the
page number of copied text should be written, ideas must be essential and
quoted judiciously, meaning with full understanding. Summarizing is a
shortened version of the original text expressed in your own language, picking
only the most important details of the text. Paraphrasing on the other hand
permits you to explain the idea in your own words.

“In every problem, there is a simple and plausible solution’, an adage once
says. Here are some tips to minimize problems in conducting research:

1. Ensure available funds and budget for study to be conducted.

2. Team members should know their assigned tasks well.
3. Identify respondents ahead of time and maintain a list of contact lines and
addresses to easily follow them up.
4. Draft a clear and reliable timeline of activities
5. Reproduce copies of essential documents always.
6. Ask for permits always before conducting any activity.
7. Conduct ocular inspection of research or sampling site ahead of time.
8. Always send emails, communications and appointments beforehand.
9. Have a clear written agreement with all participating persons, agencies, and
areas.

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10. Bear in mind the objectives of the study and be flexible in adjusting to
present conditions when necessary.

Scientific misconduct might arise when ethical standards are not followed such
as the following:

1. Plagiarism. This refers to fraudulent acts that entail claiming another

person’s ideas, work or publication violating intellectual property rights
by stealing and dishonesty. This usually happens in scientific
publications.
2. Fabrication of data. It involves producing data without an actual
experimentation or altering data in recording with the intent to fit them to
desired results.
3. Falsification of data. Entails faulty gathering of data due to negligence
and carelessness which lead to errors in measurement or instrument
use. Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment
to the subjects and poor data recording.
4. Non-publication of data. In contrast with fabrication and falsification, this
involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to
the well-established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the
research hypothesis. Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis
are reported and published.

To avoid such encounters and to ensure ethical standards are followed, ethics
review committees usually require research studies to undergo review
proceedings by submission of pertinent documents that will verify the
truthfulness of data, information, and paper presented. The following are some
of these:

1. Checklist for Adult Sponsors which includes parents’ consent and advisers
consent.

2. Student Checklist which tell learners information, consent and ensure

student safety.

3. Human Participant’s Form which provides information for description,

recruitment, protection of privacy, and informed consent process.

4. For scientific researches: Research Institution and Qualified Scientists Form,

Human Participants form, Vertebrate Animals Form, Potentially Hazardous
Biological Agents Form, and Hazardous Chemical Activities Form.

5. Research Plan which discusses in summary the rationale, hypotheses,

methods, risk and safety, data analysis, and references or bibliography.

6. Risk Assessment Form which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by the
conduct of research. It includes assessing safety of respondents, or sampling
locale, or in the events of scientific studies, the biosafety hazards like methods
of disposing chemical and biological agents, drug dosages, and delicate
instrument use.

7. Research Abstract which is not more than 250 words that clearly and
concisely state the purpose, procedures, data collected, and conclusions of the
research.

8. Research Logbook with start and end dates, pictures, documentations, notes
during the course of research that shows detailed and accurate processes.

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Exercises 1 Based on the discussion above, process the methods of selecting, citing,
and synthesizing literature review by filling in the blanks provided in
each statement.

1. In selecting sources of related literature, choose articles which are

_________related to your research interest.

2. A _________ are brief summaries of research work presented at

conferences.

3. A _________ is a scholarly written article submitted for a doctorate or a

higher degree at a university.

4. A method of expressing borrowed ideas using different words to give clarity

to an idea is called ________.

5. Using _________ is a technique in paraphrasing which utilize words of

same meanings.

6. In making _________, all materials including all books, journal, theses,

dissertations, and other literary works are listed alphabetically or
chronologically as it appears in the manuscript.

7. A/an _________ format of referencing is the most frequently used within the
social sciences in citing various sources.

8. _________ is a shortened version of the original text expressed in your own

language, picking only the most important details of the text.

9. It is necessary to acknowledge other people’s intellectual rights to avoid the

act of stealing other intellectual properties known as _________.

10. Referencing within the main body of the text is branded as _________.
Assesment Choose the best answer from the choices given.

1. Probing again themes or ideas related to your research is

a. Review of Related Literature

b. significance
c. Methodology
d. Meta-analysis

2. The most frequently used citation and referencing styles in social sciences.

a. MLA
b. APA
c. Chicago Manual
d. AMA

3. What is the importance and purpose of related literature?

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a. to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the past
and present studies,
b. to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and
controversial.
c. to collect background information about a topic
d. all of the above

4. Which choice shows a correct reference entry for the journal article based
on APA format?
a. Ahemad, M. (2015). Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed
soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001

b. M. Ahemad. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils

through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology.2015

c. Ahemad, M. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001. Enhancing phytoremediation of
chromium-stressed soils. 2015

d. M. Ahemad. 2015. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.

Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-
growthpromoting bacteria

5. It involves taking a passage - either spoken or written - and rewording it.

a. In-text citation b. paraphrasing c. referencing d. synonym

6. Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of: “Horses like grasses and
hay, and they can munch through 90 kilos of food a day”.

a. A horse can eat up to 90 kilos of grass and hay each day.

b. Grasses is the food of horses
c. Cows eat grass
d. Hay must be 90 pounds for horses to consume it.

7. Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of: “Symptoms of influenza

include fever and nasal congestion.”

a. Covid is influenza
b. Covid has influenza like symptoms
c. When you have fever and flu, you have covid.
d. A stuffy nose and high body temperature are signs that you have flu.

8. What is plagiarism?

a. to steal and pass off intellectual properties as one's own

b. to use someone else’s work without crediting the source
c. to present as original and novel an idea or invention copied from an existing
source
d. all of the above

9. Which option reveals what should not be integrated in the references?

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 a. Author’s name
b. Titles of the article
c. The dates your copies were published
d. Age of the author

10. The following are information that can be seen in a review of related
literature except.
a. Theories explaining the variables interacting in the research
b. Recommendations for additional study
c. Gaps between similar studies
d. Authors maiden name, address, and gender

11. It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an

overview of all the writings relative to your specific topics.

a. Introduction
b. Review of Related Literatures
c. Methodology
d. Results and Discussion

12. It is a style of citing sources that can be found anywhere in the research
paper in between texts and/or end of each paragraph.

a. In-text citation
b. Out-text citation
c. Bibliography
d. Referencing List

13. This is defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.

a. Attitude b. Ethics c. Humor d. Behavior

14. A body of organization that reviews, evaluates, and assesses the credibility
of your research study.

a. Disciplinary Board
b. Ethics Review Committee
c. Research Adviser
d. School Board

15. The type of form required which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by
the conduct of research in terms of instrument used, area, chemicals, and
biological agents.

a. Human Participant Form

b. Research Plan
c. Risk Assessment Form
d. Research Abstract
Assignment:
Summarize what you have learned in this lesson by supplying the keywords
missing in the paragraph.

The standard ethics for research is governed by the core values such as
(1)_________, confidentiality, (2)_________, (3)________ that is evident by
(4)_________, (5)_________, (6)_________, (7)_________, and right to
review. It is strengthened by principles narrated as follows: honesty, (8)

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_______, trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for (9)_______
property, and social and (10) ________responsibility. Once research ethics are
not tagged, it may give rise to scientific misconduct. For example are
falsification and fabrication of data, (11) ________, and non-publication of
data. To avoid these mishaps, the following are required by the Ethics
(12)________ Committee: (in any order) Research Abstracts, Human
Participants Form, Student Checklist, Risk (13)________ form, Parents (14)
________ Form, Research Plan, and Research (15) _________.

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