o Tell the plot in three sentences.

o Did you find retelling of the story difficult?

Why or why not?
o What strategies did you employ in order to
retell the story?
 Basics of
Summarizing and
Paraphrasing
 What is Summarizing?
Summarizing is often used to determine the
essential ideas in a book, article, book chapter,
an article or parts of an article. These essential
ideas include the gist of main idea, useful
information, or key words or phrases that help
you meet your reading purpose.
 Guidelines in Summarizing
1. Clarify your purpose before you read.
2. Read the text and understand the meaning. Do not stop reading until you
understand the message conveyed by the author. Locate the gist or main
idea of the text, which can usually be found either at the beginning, in the
middle or in the end.
3. Select and underline or circle the key ideas and phrases while reading;
another strategy is to annotate the text.
4. Write all the key ideas and phrases you identified on the margins or on
your notebook in a bullet or outline form.
Guidelines in Summarizing
5. Without looking at the text, identify the connections of these key
ideas and phrasing using a concept map.
6. List your ideas in sentence form in a concept map.
7. Combine the sentence into a paragraph. Use appropriate transitional
device to improve cohesions.
8. Ensure that you do not copy a single sentence from the original text.
9. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the ideas it
presents.
 Guidelines in Summarizing
10. Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating redundant ideas.
11. Compare output with the original text to ensure accuracy.
12. Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s, date of
publication, title, publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if online]). It is not
necessary to indicate the page number /s of the original text in citing sources
in summaries.
13. Format your summary properly. When you combine summaries in a
paragraph, use different formats to show variety in writing.
 Formats in Summarizing

. .
 Formats in Summarizing

1. Idea Heading Format – in this format, the

summarized idea comes before the citation.

Example:
 
Benchmarking is useful strategy that has the potential to help
public officials improve the performance of local services (Folz,
2004; Ammons, 2001). Once the practice of a particular city is
benchmarked, it can be a guidepost and the basis for the other
counterparts to improve its own.
 Formats in Summarizing
2. Author Heading Format – in this format, the summarized idea
comes after the citation. The author’s name/s is/are connected by an
appropriate reporting verb.
Example:
The considerable number of users of FB has led educators to utilize FB for
communicating with their students (Grant, 2008; as cited in Donmus, 2010). The study
of Kabilan, Ahmad and Abidin (2010) shows that the students perceived FB as an
online environment to expedite language learning specifically English. Donmus
(2010) asserts that educational games on FB fecundate learning process and make
students’ learning environment more engaging. As regards literacy, this notion reveals
that FB could be used as a tool to aid individuals execute a range of social acts through
social literacy implementation (libid). Blackstone and Hardwood (2012) suggest the
facilitative strength of FB as it elicits greater engagement on collaboration among
students.
 Example:
The considerable number of users of FB has led educators to utilize FB
for communicating with their students (Grant, 2008; as cited in Donmus,
2010). The study of Kabilan, Ahmad and Abidin (2010) shows
that the students perceived FB as an online environment to
expedite language learning specifically English. Donmus (2010)
asserts that educational games on FB fecundate learning process
and make students’ learning environment more engaging. As
regards literacy, this notion reveals that FB could be used as a tool to aid
individuals execute a range of social acts through social literacy
implementation (libid). Blackstone and Hardwood (2012) suggest
the facilitative strength of FB as it elicits greater engagement on
collaboration among students.
 Formats in Summarizing
3. Date Heading Format – in this format, the summarize
idea comes after the date when the material was published.

Example:
On the other hand, active participation of the citizens in
development contributes to a sound and reasonable
government decisions. In their 2004 study on the
impact of participatory development approach,
Irvin and Stansbury argue that participation can
be valuable to the participants and the
government in terms of the process and outcomes
of decision making.
 Using Reporting Verbs when Summarizing

• A reporting verb is a word used to discuss another

person’s writings or assertions. They are generally used to
incorporate the source to the discussion in the text.

Having a syntactically correct sentence is not enough to create

meaning. As Noam Chomsky pointed out, a sentence can be
perfect in terms of syntax and still not make sense. He showed
this by coming up with the famous sentence, “Colorless green
ideas sleep furiously” (Chomsky, 1957).
 • Hayland (1999) lists a frequency of reporting verbs used according
to discipline.
Discipline Reporting Verbs from left to right, most common to lease
common
Biology Describe Find Report Show Suggest Observe  
Marketing Suggest Argue Find Demonstr Propose Show  
ate
Linguistics Suggest Argue Show Explain Find Point out  

Sociology Argue Suggest Describe Note Analyze Discuss  

Philosophy Say Suggest Argue Claim Point out Hold Think

Overall Suggest Argue Find Show Describe Propose Report

Comparing Summarizing
and Paraphrasing
 Summarizing Paraphrasing
 Does not match the source word  Does not match the source word
for word. for word.
 Involves putting the main ideas  Involves putting a passage from a
into your own words, but source into your own words.
including only the main points  Changes the words or phrasing of
 Presents a broad overview, so is a passage, but retains and fully
usually much shorter than the communicates the original
original text meaning.
 Must be attributed to the original  Must be attributed to the original
source. source.
 Examples of Summarizing and
Paraphrasing
Original Passage
What is plagiarism? In minor cases, it can be the quotation of a sentence or two,
without quotation marks and without a citation (e.g., footnote) to the true author.
In the most serious cases, a significant fraction of the entire work was written by
someone else but the plagiarist removed the authors, names and substituted his/her
name, perhaps did some re-formatting of the text, then submitted the work for
credit in a class (e.g., term paper or essay), as part of the requirements for a degree
(e.g., thesis or dissertation), or as a part of a published article or book.
 
Reference
Standler, R.B. (2012). Plagiarism in colleges in USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism,
academic policy.
 Summary
Plagiarism can be defined as using ideas,
data, or any relevant information of another
without giving proper credit or
acknowledgement (Standler, 2021).
 Paraphrase
According to Standler (2012), plagiarism can occur in small
cases, which happens when small parts of a passage are used
without enclosing them in quotation marks and citing the
author. It can also occur in more grave situations. In these
instances, big chunks of the original text are used. There are
changes in the format, but the original author is not attributed
to and the work is claimed as the plagiarist’s own and
submitted to comply with academic requirements or as a part
of a material for publication.
The above samples of paraphrase and summary
show that the original text is rewritten based on the
message conveyed and ideas presented by the
author. Less of the original words is presented in the
summary, and the source is properly cited. In the
paraphrase, all the ideas in the original text are still
mentioned, but the wording and structure are
completely different.
When to Use Summarizing and Paraphrasing
 Paraphrasing
1. Paraphrase a short text with one or two sentences or a
paragraph with a maximum of five sentences.
2. Paraphrase when you want to
a. Avoid or minimize direct quotation; or
b. rewrite the author’s words by not changing the message or use
your own words to state the author’s ideas.
 Summarizing
1.Summarize a text that has long sections (e.g., a page
or chapter of a book or the book itself; a paragraph of
an essay or the essay itself).
2.Summarize when you want to, …
a. avoid or minimize direct quotation; or use the main
idea of the text and write it in your own words.
When to Use Summarizing and Paraphrasing
Guidelines in Paraphrasing
Guidelines in Paraphrasing
1. Read the text and understand its meaning. Do not stop reading
until you understand the message conveyed by the author.
2. Use a pen to underline or highlight the key words or main idea of
the text.
3. Recall the key words or main idea of the text that you highlighted
when you read it.
4. Write in your own words what you understood about the idea in
the text.
5. Get the original text and compare it with your paraphrase.
6. Check the meaning. Remember, your paraphrase should have the
same meaning as the original text.
Guidelines in Paraphrasing
7. Check the sentence structure. The sentence structure of your
paraphrase should be different from the original text.
8. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the ideas
presented in the text.
9. Compare your output to the original text to ensure its accuracy
and remove redundant ideas.
10. Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s, date of
publication, title, publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if online]).
11. Format your paraphrase properly. When you combine your
paraphrases in a paragraph, use different formats to show variety in
writing just like in summarizing.
 ACTIVITY!
Answer the
Enrichment 3 and
4 on page 25 –
26.
 Assignment
Compare paraphrasing and summarizing using a Venn
diagram. Aim for at least 3 similarities and 3
differences.