Week 4

Techniques in
Gleaning
Information

SUMMARIZING
PARAPHRASING
DIRECT QUOTATION

Prepared by : Jetsy E. Española, LPT

 JOIN THE WORKFORCE

WHAT IS
SUMMARIZING?
Summarizing is an important skill in critical reading
that is often used to share the essential ideas in a
book, a book chapter, an article, and/or parts of it.
These essential ideas include the gist or main idea,
useful information, or key words or phrases that help
you meet your reading purpose. Summarizing is
generally done after reading.
 More on
Summarizing...
What is NOT summarizing?
Writing down everything
Writing down ideas from the text word-
for-word
Writing down incoherent and
irrelevant ideas
Writing down ideas that are not stated
in the text
Writing down a summary that has the
same length or is longer than the
original text
Record the details of the original source (author's
name/s, date of publication, title, publisher,
place of publishing, and URL [if online]). It is not
necessary to indicate the page number/s of the
original text in citing sources in summaries.
Format your summary properly. When your
summaries in a paragraph, use different formats
to show variety in writing.
SOURCE: COMMUNICATE TODAY: ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
The Guidelines
Clarify your purpose before you read.
Read the text and understand the
meaning.
Select and underline or circle the key
ideas and phrases while reading;
another strategy is to annotate the
text.
Write all the key ideas and phrases
you identified on the margins or in
your notebook in bullet or outline
form.
Without looking at the text, identify
the connections of these key ideas
and phrases using a concept map.
List your ideas in sentence form
in a concept map.
Combine the sentences into a
paragraph. Use appropriate
transitional devices to improve
cohesion.
Ensure that you do not copy a single
sentence from the original text.
Refrain from adding comments
about the text. Stick to the ideas it
presents.
Edit the draft of your summary by
eliminating the redundant ideas.
Compare your output with the
original text to ensure accuracy.
 SUMMARY FORMATS

IDEA HEADING FORMAT

1 In this format, the summarized idea comes before the

citation.

Benchmarking is a useful strategy that has the potential to help public officials
improve the performance of local services (Folz, 2004; Ammons, 2001). Once the
practive of a particular city is benchmarked, it can be a guidepost and the basis
for the other counterparts to improve their own.

AUTHOR HEADING FORMAT

2
In this format, the summarized idea comes after the citation.
The author's name is connected by an appropriate reporting
verb.

The considerable number of users of FB has led educators to utilize FB for

communicating with their students (Grant, 2008; as cited in Donmus, 2010). The
study of Kabilan, Ahmad, and Abidin (2010) shows that the students
perceived FB as an online environment to expedite language learning
specifically English. Donmus (2010) asserts that educational games on FB
fecundate the learning process and make the students' learning
environment more engaging. As regards literacy, this notion reveals that FB could
be used as a tool to aid individuals execute a range of social acts through social
literacy implementation (ibid). Blackstone and Hardwood (2012) suggest the
facilitative strength of FB as it elicits greater engagement on collaboration
among students.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC

AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
 SUMMARY FORMATS

DATE HEADING FORMAT

3 In this format, the summarized idea comes after the date

when the material was published.

On the other hand, active participation of the citizens in development contributes

to sound and reasonable government decisions. In their 2004 study on the
impact of participatory development approach, Irvin and Stansbury
argue that participation can be valuable to the citizens and the
government in terms of the process and outcomes of decision making.

They are words used to discuss another person's writing or

assertions. They are generally used to incorporate the source
to the discussion in the text.
SBREV GNITROPER

Having a syntactically correct sentence is not enough to create

meaning. As Noam Chomsky pointed out, a sentence can be
perfect in terms of syntax and still not make sense. He
showed this by coming up with the famous
sentence,"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" (Chomsky,
1957).

Hyland (1999) lists the frequency of the use of reporting

verbs according to discipline.
PARAPHRASING Paraphrasing is a way of using text in your
own writing without directly quoting the
source material. If you obtain information from
a source other than your own, you must
indicate where you obtained that information
from.

GUIDELINES IN PARAPHRASING

Read the text and understand its
meaning. Do not stop reading until you
understand the message conveyed by
the author.
Use a pen to mark or highlight the
keywords or main idea of the text.
Recall the keywords to or main idea of
the text that you highlighted when you
read it.
Write in your own words what you
understood about the ideas in the text.
Get the original text and compare it
with your paraphrase.
Check the meaning. Remember your
paraphrase should have the same
meaning as the original text.
Check the sentence structure. The
sentence structure of your paraphrase
should be different from the original
text.
Refrain from adding comments about
the text. Stick to the ideas presented in
the text.
Record the details of the original source
(author's name/s, date of publication,
title, publisher, place of publishing, and
URL [if online]).
Format your paraphrase properly.
When you format your paraphrases in a
paragraph, use different formats to
show variety in writing.

English for Academic and Professional Purposes

 PARAPHRASING
Original Passage

What is plagiarism? In minor cases, it can be the quotation of a sentence or

two, without quotation marks and without a citation (e.g., footnote) to the true

author. In most serious cases, a significant fraction of the entire work was

written by someone else but the plagiarist removed the author(s), name(s) and

substituted his/her name, perhaps did some re-formatting of the text, then

substituted the work for credit in a class (e.g., term paper or essay), as part of

the requirements for a degree (e.g., thesis or dissertation, or as part of a

published article or book.

Reference:

Standler, R.B.(2012). Plagiarism in colleges in USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism, academic policy.

Retrieved from http://www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf

Paraphrase

According to Standler (2012), plagiarism can occur in minor instances, when

small parts of passage are used without enclosing them in quotation marks

and citing author. It can also occur in more grave instances when big chunks

of the original text are used. There may be changes in the format, but the

original author is not attributed to and the work is claimed as the plagiarist's

own and submitted to comply with academic requirements or as part of a

material for publication.

Summary
Plagiarism can be defined as using ideas, data, or any relevant

information of another without giving proper credit or

acknowledgment (Standler, 2012).

 DIRECT
QUOTATION
Directly quoting someone means taking someone
else's words verbatim and putting them in your
paper. These must always be enclosed in quotation
marks and credited appropriately (MLA, APA,
Chicago, etc.).

Copy the exact part of the text that you want to

use.
Use quotation marks to show the beginning and
ending of the quote.
Record the details of the original source (author's
name/s, date of publication, title, publisher,
place of publishing, URL [if online] and page
number/s. Indicating the page number/s is
necessary in citing sources when quoting.
Format your quotation properly.

GUIDE
LI
NES
 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

If your direct quotation consists of less than 40

words, it should be presented as part of the
text.

To address economic issues, Scheliz (2005) recommended

that there is a need to "(1) enhance government's strategy
and involve key sectors for a collective and coordinated
response to poverty; and (2) sustain efforts for economic and
institutional reforms" (pp. 80-81).

If your direct quotation is at least 40 words, it

should be indented.
In his article "Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access," Schelzig
(2005) Isuggests a list of causes of poverty.

(1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low
growth and elasticity of poverty reduction; (3) weakness in
employment generation and the quality of jobs generated; (4) failure
to fully develop the agriculture sector; (5) high inflation during crisis
periods; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and persistent
levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive
impacts of economic expansion; and, (8) recurrent shocks and
exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters,
and environmental poverty (p.2).
 ORIGINAL PASSAGE
What is
plagiaris
a senten m? In m
ce or tw inor cas
o es, it can
citation , without be the q
(e.g., foo quo t at io uotation
cases, a tnote) t n m arks of
significa o the tr and with
nt fracti u e author. out a
someon on of th In most
e else e entire w serious
name(s) b u t the pla ork was
and sub giarist re written
formatti s tituted h moved by
ng of the is/her na the aut
text, the m e, perha hor(s),
a class (e n substi ps did so
.g., term tuted th me re-
for a de paper or e work for
gree (e. essay), a credit in
g ., thesis o s p a r t of the re
publishe r disser quireme
d article ta nts
or book. tion, or
as part
of a
Referenc
e:
Standler
, R.B.(20
of plagia 12). Plag
rism, aca iarism in
d em colleges
Retrieve ic policy. in USA: L
d from h egal asp
ttp://ww ects
w.rbs2.c
om/plag
.pdf

DIRECT
QUOTATION

Standler (2012) states that plagiarism can be

"the quotation of a sentence or two, without
quotation marks and without a citation
(e.g., footnote) to the true author" (p.5).
 When to use Paraphrasing,
Summarizing, Direct
Quotation?

PARAPHRASING
1. Paraphrase a short text with
one or two sentences or a
paragraph with a maximum of
five sentences. SUMMARIZING
1. Summarize a text that has long
2. Paraphrase when you want to:
sections (e.g., a page or chapter of a
a. avoid or minimize direct
book or the book itself; a paragraph
quotation; or
of an essay or the essay itself).
b. use your own words to state
the author's ideas.
2. Summarize when you want to:
a. avoid or minimize direct
quotation; or
b. use the main idea of the text

DIRECT and write in your own words.

QUOTATION
1. Quote a text that conveys a powerful message
or whose impact lessens if it is paraphrased or
summarized (e.g. Constitution, government
documents, philosophies, monographs, or other
scholarly materials).
2. Quote directly when you want to:
a. begin your discussion with the
author's stand; or
b. highlight the author's expertise in your claim,
argument, or discussion.
References:
Barrot, J. S., & Sipacio, P. J. F. (2020). Communication today:
English for academic and professional purposes.
C & E Publishing, Inc
Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). Paraphrasing // Purdue Writing
lab. Retrieved August 29, 2021, from
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/ research_and_
citation/using_research/quoting_
paraphrasing_and_summarizing/paraphrasing.html
Citation Using Direct Quotations. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.montgomerycollege.edu/_documents/
academics/support/learning-centers/writing-reading-
learning-ctr-rockville/student-resources-tech/direct-
quotes.pdf