• Organic molecules show different types of electronic effects such as inductive effect,

mesomeric effect, hyperconjugation and electromeric effect. Inductive effect can be

defined as the induction of polarity in a molecule due to partial shifting of sigma
electrons due to the presence of some more electronegative element at the end of the
carbon chain. For example, in chloroalkane the chlorine group attracts the sigma
electrons and induces polarity in the molecule.
• Mesomeric effects involve the induction of polarity in the molecule due to conjugation
between pi electrons and lone pair of electrons present in the molecule. It can easily
observe aromatic compounds. Mesomeric effects are stabilised the molecule due to
conjugation of electrons. The electromeric effect can be defined as the induction of
polarity in a molecule due to the presence of some attacking agent such as attack of
nucleophile on the carbonyl group induces polarity in the molecule. Let’s discuss
hyperconjugation which is also known as no-bond resonance or Baker-Nathan effect.
 Dipole
DipoleMoment
Moment

A substance possesses a dipole moment

if its centers of positive and negative charge
do not coincide.
m=exd
(expressed in Debye units)

+
—

not polar
 Dipole
DipoleMoment
Moment

A substance possesses a dipole moment

if its centers of positive and negative charge
do not coincide.
m=exd
(expressed in Debye units)

+ —

polar
 Molecular
MolecularDipole
DipoleMoments
Moments

d- d+ d-
O C O

molecule must have polar bonds

necessary, but not sufficient

need to know molecular shape

because individual bond dipoles can cancel

 Molecular
MolecularDipole
DipoleMoments
Moments

O C O

Carbon dioxide has no dipole moment; m = 0 D

 Figure
Figure1.13
1.13

Carbon tetrachloride Dichloromethane

m=0D m = 1.62 D
 Figure
Figure1.13
1.13

Resultant of these Resultant of these

two bond dipoles is two bond dipoles is

m=0D

Carbon tetrachloride has no dipole

moment because all of the individual
bond dipoles cancel.
 Figure
Figure1.13
1.13

Resultant of these Resultant of these

two bond dipoles is two bond dipoles is

m = 1.62 D
The individual bond dipoles do not
cancel in dichloromethane; it has
a dipole moment.
Hydrogen bonding