Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
Substitution
Effect
Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• Price of fried clams rises
• Does it change the marginal utility that a
consumer gets from an additional pound of
clams?
• No, but it reduces the marginal utility per
dollar spent on fried clams.
• The decrease in marginal utility per dollar
spent on clams gives the consumer an
incentive to consume fewer clams when the
price of clams rises
Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• Explanation: The optimal consumption rule
• A utility-maximizing consumer chooses a
consumption bundle for which the marginal
utility per dollar spent on all goods is the
same.
• If marginal utility per dollar on clams falls
because the price of clams rises, the
consumer can increase his or her utility by
purchasing fewer clams and more of other
goods
Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• If the price of clams falls, the opposite
happens
• The marginal utility per dollar spent on clams
increases at any given level of clam
consumption
• A consumer can increase his or her utility by
purchasing more clams and less of other
goods when the price of clams falls
Marginal Utility and the Law of
Demand
• ___________________are exceptions
due to the amount consumers have to
spend
The Income Effect
• Example: