Chapter 2

Network Models

2.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 CONTENTS

 Concept of layers
 The OSI Model
 The Internet Model (TCP/IP Model)
 Four Levels of Addressing in
TCP/IP
Model

2.2
 2-1 CONCEPT OF LAYERS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an

example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.3
 Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.4
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

Topics discussed in this section:

Layered Architecture
Function of Layers

2.5
 Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

2.6
 Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.7
 Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.8
 Figure 2.5 Physical layer

Note
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.9
 Responsibilities

 Physical characteristics of interfaces and media

 Types of transmission medium and ports
 Representation of bits
 Signal to be transmitted must be encoded into signal – electrical
or optical
 Data rate – transmission rate
 The number of bits to be sent each second
 Synchronization of bits
 Sender and receiver clocks must be synchronized
 Line configuration– physical structure
 Point-to-point or multipoint connections
 Transmission mode– direction of transmission
 Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
 Physical topology

2.10
 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.11
 Responsibilities
 Framing
 Divides stream of bits received into manageable data unit called
frame
 Physical addressing
 Adds header to define sender and receiver of the frame
 Flow control
 Data absorbed by receiver less than rate produced in the
sender, data link imposed flow control
 Error control
 Add mechanism to detect and retransmit damaged or loss
frames
 Access control
 Two or more device connected to same link, data link determine
which device has control over the link

2.12
 Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.13
 Figure 2.8 Network layer

Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.14
 Responsibilities

 Logical Addressing
 If the packet passes the network boundary, we need
another addressing to distinguish the source and
destination system
 It provide two related services:
 Switching

 temporary connections between physical link

 Routing
 For large network or internetwork, the connecting devices
route or switch the packets to their final destination
 Selecting the best path for sending data when more path
available

2.15
 Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.16
 Figure 2.10 Transport layer

Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

2.17
 Responsibilities

 Port addressing
 Get the entire message to the correct process
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Message divided into transmittable segments, each
segment contain sequence number
 Connection control
 Can be connectionless or connection-oriented
 Flow control
 Error control

2.18
 Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.19
Figure 2.12 Session layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

2.20
 Responsibilities

 Dialog control
 Allows the communications between two processess.
 Synchronization
 Allows a process to add checkpoints or synchronization
bits to a stream of data

2.21
 Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

2.22
 Figure 2.14 Application layer

Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

2.23
 Responsibilities

 Mail services
 Basis for mail forwarding and storage
 File transfer, access and management
 User access file in remote
 Remote log-in (Network virtual terminal)
 User can log into a remote computer
 Accessing to World Wide Web
 Most application today

2.24
 Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.25
 2-3 THE INTERNET MODEL (TCP/IP) MODEL

The layers in the TCP/IP model do not exactly match

those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP model was
defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP is
compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol
suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network,
transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.26
 TCP/IP Model

 Is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive

modules, each of which provides a specific
functionality; however, the modules are not
necessarily interdependent.
 Whereas the OSI Model specifies which functions
belong to its layers.
 Layers in TCP/IP contain independent protocols that
can be mixed and matched depending on the needs
of the system.

2.27
 Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.28
 Physical and Data Link Layers

 TCP/IP does not define any specific protocol.

 A network in a TCP/IP internetwork can be LAN or
WAN

2.29
 Network Layer

 Support Internetworking protocol.

 IP – transmission mechanism used by TCP/IP protocols
– connectionless : do not establish a connection
before transmission.
– uses 4 supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, IGMP
 ARP: to find the physical address of the node

 RARP: allows a host to discover its Internet address

when it knows only its physical address

 ICMP: sends query & error reporting message

between hosts & gateways

 IGMP: facilitate the simultaneous transmission of a

message to a group of recipients

2.30
 Transport Layer

 Responsible for delivery of a message.

 UDP: a process-to-process protocol that adds only port
address, checksum error control & length information, to
the data from upper layer
 TCP: - divides a stream of data into packets.
- connection-oriented a connection must be
established between both ends before tranfer data
 SCTP: - Stream Control Transmission Protocol
- support for newer applications such as VoIP

2.31
 Application Layer

 TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined session,

presentation & application layers in the OSI model.

2.32
 2-4 ADDRESSING IN TCP/IP MODEL

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet

employing the TCP/IP protocols.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical (link) Address
Logical (IP) Address
Port Address
Specific Address

2.33
 Physical Address

 The address of nodes as defined by its LAN or WAN

 Included in the frame used by the data link layer
 6-bytes or 48-bits that imprinted on the network
interface card (NIC).
 Example: A4-BA-DB-01-99-E8.

2.34
 Logical Address

 can uniquely define a host connected to the Internet.

 Included in the packet at the network layer
 32-bits address size.
 Example: 192.100.10.0

Physical addresses will change from hop-to-hop

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.35
 Port Address

 Identifies a process on a host; TELNET, FTP etc.

 Included in the packet at the transport layer
 16-bits in length represented by one decimal number.
 Example: Port 21: File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Port 80: : Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

2.36
 Specific Address

 Is a user-friendly address that are designed for the

specific address.
 Example: jana@gmail.com.my or www.uitm.edu.my

2.37
 SUMMARY

Discussed on:
 Concept of layered tasks.
 The 7-Layers of the OSI Model.
 The 5-Layers of the TCP/IP Model.
 Four levels of addresses in TCP/IP: physical, logical,
port and specific address.

2.38
 Chapter 1:
Introduction to Data Communication

The End

Any Question

1.39 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.