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3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CONTENTS
Analog Signal
Digital Signal
Broadband & Baseband Transmission
Transmission Impairments
2.2
Note
3.3
Note
3.4
3-0 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL
3.5
Figure 3.1 Comparison of analog and digital signals
3.6
Note
3.7
Periodic and Non-Periodic
3.8
Periodic Signal
3.9
Non-Periodic/Aperiodic Signal
3.10
3-1 PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS
3.11
Figure 3.2 A sine wave
3.12
Characteristics of Sine Wave
3.13
Note
Amplitude:
3.14
Figure 3.3 Amplitude
3.15
Note
3.16
Note
3.17
Note
3.18
Note
Period(P)
complete in cycle
( expressed in Hertz)
3.19
Figure 3.3.1 Period and frequency
3.20
Figure 3.3.3 Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes
3.21
Figure 3.4 Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies
3.22
Table 3.1 Units of period and frequency
3.23
Example 1
3.24
Example 2
Solution
From Table 3.1 we find the equivalents of 1 ms (1 ms is
10−3 s) and 1 s (1 s is 106 μs). We make the following
substitutions:.
3.25
Example 3
Solution
First we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we
calculate the frequency from the period (1 Hz = 10−3
kHz).
3.26
Note
3.27
Phase Change
3.28
3.29
Figure 3.5 Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases
3.30
Example 1
Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6
cycle is
3.31
Figure 3.7 The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave
3.32
Note
3.33
Example 3.7
3.34
Figure 3.8 The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves
3.35
Note
3.36
Note
3.37
Note
3.38
Example 1
3.39
Figure 3.9 A composite periodic signal
3.40
Figure 3.10 Decomposition of a composite periodic signal in the time and
frequency domains
3.41
Example 2
3.42
Figure 3.11 The time and frequency domains of a nonperiodic signal
3.43
Note
3.44
Figure 3.12 The bandwidth of periodic and nonperiodic composite signals
3.45
Example 1
The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 Hz (see Figure 3.13).
3.46
Figure 3.13 The bandwidth for Example 1
3.47
Example 2
3.49
Example 3
Solution
The lowest frequency must be at 40 kHz and the highest
at 240 kHz. Figure 3.15 shows the frequency domain
and the bandwidth.
3.50
Figure 3.15 The bandwidth for Example 3
3.51
3-2 DIGITAL SIGNALS
In addition to being represented by an analog signal,
information can also be represented by a digital signal.
For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage
and a 0 as zero voltage. A digital signal can have more
than two levels. In this case, we can send more than 1 bit
for each level.
3.52
Figure 3.16 Two digital signals: one with two signal levels and the other
with four signal levels
3.53
Note
3.54
Example 1
3.55
Example 2
3.56
Example 3
Solution
A page is an average of 24 lines with 80 characters in
each line. If we assume that one character requires 8
bits, the bit rate is
3.57
Example 4
Solution
The bit rate can be calculated as
3.58
Figure 3.17 The time and frequency domains of periodic and nonperiodic
digital signals
3.59
3-3 BROADBAND & BASEBAND TRANSMISSION
3.60
Figure 3.18 Baseband transmission
Sending a digital signal over a channel without changing to an analog
Requires a low-pass channel, a channel with a bandwidth that starts
from zero
Example: may connect several computers to a bus, but not allow
3.61
Note
3.62
Figure 3.19 Bandwidths of two low-pass channels
3.63
Figure 3.20 Baseband transmission using a dedicated medium
3.64
Note
3.65
Note
more bandwidth.
3.66
Note
3.67
Broadband transmission (bandpass)
Sending analog signals over a channel
Requires a bandpass channel, a channel with a bandwidth that do not
3.68
Figure 3.23 Bandwidth of a bandpass channel
3.69
Figure 3.24 Modulation of a digital signal for transmission on a bandpass
channel
3.70
Example 1
3.71
Example 3.25
3.72
3-4 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
3.73
Figure 3.25 Causes of impairment
3.74
Figure 3.26 Attenuation
3.75
Figure 3.27 Decibels
3.76
Figure 3.28 Distortion
3.77
Figure 3.29 Noise
3.78
Example 1
Solution
The values of SNR can be calculated as follows:
3.79
Example 2
3.80
Figure 3.30 Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR
3.81
3-5 DATA RATE LIMITS
3.82
Note
3.83
Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit rate
3.84
Note
3.85
Example 1
Does the Nyquist theorem bit rate agree with the intuitive
bit rate described in baseband transmission?
Solution
They match when we have only two levels. We said, in
baseband transmission, the bit rate is 2 times the
bandwidth if we use only the first harmonic in the worst
case. However, the Nyquist formula is more general than
what we derived intuitively; it can be applied to baseband
transmission and modulation. Also, it can be applied
when we have two or more levels of signals.
3.86
Example 2
3.87
Example 3
3.89
Example 1
3.90
Example 2
This means that the highest bit rate for a telephone line
is 34.860 kbps. If we want to send data faster than this,
we can either increase the bandwidth of the line or
improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
3.91
Example 3
3.92
Example 4
Solution
First, we use the Shannon formula to find the upper
limit.
3.93
Example 4 (continued)
3.94
Note
3.95
3-6 PERFORMANCE
3.96
Bandwidth
Note
3.97
Note
Throughput
❏ Measure how fast we can actually send
data through a network.
3.98
Note
Latency / Delay
❏ Measure how long it takes for entire message
to completely arrive at the destination.
3.99
Note
3.100
Figure 3.31 Filling the link with bits for case 1
3.101
Figure 3.32 Filling the link with bits in case 2
3.102
Example 3.48
3.103
Figure 3.33 Concept of bandwidth-delay product
3.104
Note
Jitter
Another performance issue that is
related to delay.
A problem if different packets of data
encounter different delays.
3.105
Discussed on:
SUMMARY
Analog & digital data.
Analog signal (sine wave, time & frequency domain,
bandwidth)
Digital signal.
Periodic analog signal & aperiodic digital signal.
Differences between broadband (bandpass) and
baseband channel.
Any Question
1.107 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.