9 Alarm and Error Handling

9.1
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 0551 VT ZZA Ed.01
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Session presentation
 Objective: to be able to describe the way the alarms are
managed in an SDH network
 program:
 9.1 Communication Alarms
 9.2 Alarm Indication Signal : AIS
 9.3 Remote Defect Indication : RDI
 9.4 Alarm and Error Processing within an NE
 9.5 Explanation of Alarm and Error Codes
 9.6 Alarm and Error Processing
 9.7 Performance Monitoring : PM
 9.8 Tandem Connections

9.2
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Communication Alarms

SDH-Network
PDH PDH
140Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
ADM ADM ADM
MSN MSN Regenerator MSN
DXC DXC DXC

9.3
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Alarm Indication Signal - AIS

RSOH 1
1
1 1 1 1 MS - AIS
1 1 1
1

RSOH 1
1
1 1 1 1
AU - AIS
MSOH 1
1

RSOH 1
P 1
AU-Pointer
O 1 TU – AIS
H 1
MSOH
1

9.4
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Remote Defect Indication - RDI

1 ... 8
1 1 0 K2-Byte
K2

MS-RDI

1 ... 8
G1
1 G1-Byte

HP-RDI

V5
1 ... 8
1 V5-Byte

LP-RDI

9.5
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Alarm and Error Processing within a NE
Physical Regenerator Multiplex Higher Order Lower Order
Section Layer Section Layer Section Layer Path Layer Path Layer
LOS
LOF
A1/A2
RS-TIM
J0 MS-AIS
RS-BIP
B1
MS-AIS
K2
MS-BIP
B2 AU-AIS Detection
MS-REI
M1
MS-RDI Generation
K2
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
HP-UNEQ
C2
HP-TIM
J1
HP-BIP
B3 TU-AIS
HP-REI
G1
HP-RDI
G1
TU-AIS
TU-LOP
TU-LOM TU-AIS
H4
TU-PLM
C2
V5
LP-TIM
J2
LP-BIP TU-AIS
V5
LP-REI
V5
LP-RDI
V5 PDH-AIS
LP-PLM
V5
9.6
9.7
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Example Network

SDH-Network
PDH PDH
140Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
ADM ADM ADM
MSN MSN Regenerator MSN
DXC DXC DXC

Regenerator Section Regenerator Section Regenerator Section

Multiplex Section Multiplex Section

Trail / Path

9.8
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Alarm and Error Processing in a Regenerator

RS1 / MS1

RS1 / MS1
OS1 / RS1

OS1 / RS1
OS1

OS1
RS1

RS1
MS-AIS
LOS
RSOH 1
LOF MS-AIS 1
1 1 1 1
RS-TIM
RS-BIP(PM) 1 1 1
1

Detection

Generation

9.9
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Alarm and Error Processing in a Multiplexer: VC-4 Passthrough

RS1 / MS1

RS1 / MS1
OS1 / RS1

OS1 / RS1
MS1 / S4

MS1 / S4
MS1

MS1
OS1

OS1
RS1

RS1
S4

LOS

LOF MS-AIS
AU-AIS
RS-TIM
RSOH 1
RS-BIP(PM) 1
AU-AIS 1 1 1 1
MS-AIS
MSOH 1
1
MS-BIP (PM)
MS-REI (PM)
MS-RDI

Detection

Generation
9.10
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Alarm and Error Processing in a Multiplexer: VC-4 Termination

MS1 / S4

S4 / S12
MS1

S4
S4 S12

AU-AIS

AU-AIS TU-AIS
AU-LOP

HP-UNEQ TU-AIS
HP-TIM TU-AIS
HP-BIP (PM)
HP-REI (PM) 1
RSOH
HP-RDI P 1
AU-Pointer 1
O
H 1
MSOH
1
Detection

Generation
9.11
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Alarm Processing via a complete Network: Path fault

2Mbit/s

NE A NE B NE C

LO-passthrough HO-passthrough

Reg. F Reg. E
LOS
NE D

9.12
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Alarm Processing via a complete Network: Reference fault

2Mbit/s

LOS

NE A NE B NE C

LO-passthrough HO-passthrough

Reg. F Reg. E

NE D

9.13
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
PM Basics

max. number of
Error checksum Block size
block errors per second

B1 (RSOH) STM-N 8.000

B2 (MSOH) 801 bits * N 192.000 * N

(STM-N)

B3 (HP-POH) VC-4 8.000

VC-3

V5 (LP-POH) VC-12 Multiframe 2.000

8.000

9.14
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Principles of data collection
Monitored seconds

Yes
Defects ?

No

No
Anomalies ?

Yes

Yes
% EB >= 30 ?

No

cES = cES + 1 cES = cES + 1

cBBE = cBBE + EB(s) cSES = cSES + 1

Extracted End
from G 826
9.15
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Definition of Unavailability

x t in sec

10 sec < 10 sec < 10 sec 10 sec

Unavailable Time (UAT) Available Time

Begin of detection: End of detection:

ES := ES - 10 ES := ES + x
SES := SES - 10 SES := SES
UAS := UAS + 10 UAS := UAS - 10

Inhibition of counters:
SES
ES / SES / (BBE)
ES which is not a SES
Non errored second

9.16
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Near End / Far End counters

STM-N with errors

NE A NE B

STM-N with REI

Far End Counters: Near End Counters:

FEBBE BBE
FEES ES
FESES SES
FEUAS UAS

9.17
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Why Tandem Connections

VCn-Path

Path Path
Source Sink

Domain 1 Domain 2
[total biterrors] Inter Domain
Link

Bit errors added in

domain 2

Bit errors added between domain 1 and domain 2

Bit errors added in domain 1

Bit errors added before domain 1

Near end bit errors counted by path monitor (PM) [location]

9.18
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Function of Tandem Connections

VCn-Path

TC 1 TC 12 TC 2

Path Path
Source Sink

Domain 1 Domain 2
Inter Domain
Link
so sk so sk so sk
[total biterrors]

so: source
sk: sink

Near end bit errors counted by Tandem Connections (TC) [location]

9.19
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Overhead Bytes used for Tandem Connections
Virtual Container (VC-4, VC-3)

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2 Payload
H4
N1 used for TCs F3
K3
N1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

frame 1-8: FAS

Number of bit errors detected by frame 9-72: 64*2 Bit= 16Byte TC-TI
TC source frame 73: TC-RDI
frame 74: ODI
REI OEI frame 75,76: all ‘0’

9.20
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Tandem Connection Termination: TCT

TC 1 (Egressing Tandem Connection)

BBE = 6
BBE = 2 N1 = 2
N1:=2 NE_BBE := 6 - 2 =4

SDH port SDH port

N1=0 SPI SPI N1=0

RST RST
MST MST
MSA
Path MSA
TC after TC after
Matrix Matrix

SPI SPI
Path RST RST
MST MST
MSA MSA
N1=0 N1=0

NE 1 NE x

Domain 1

9.21
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Tandem Connection Monitoring: TCM

Before Matrix After Matrix

TCm TCm
RX TX

TC SPI SPI
RST RST
MST MST
MSA MSA
Path

SDH Port SDH Port

9.22
 9 Alarm and Error Handling
Evaluation
 Objective: to be able to describe the
way the alarms are managed in an SDH
network

Thank you for answering

the self-assessment
of the objectives sheet

9.23