REVIEW:

1. What is philosophy?
2. Who is Pythagoras?
3. What are classes of people according to
Pythagoras?
4. What does “talking about subjects” to
philosophy mean?
 BRIEF HISTORY OF
PHILOSOPHY
1. Pre-philosophical Period
4. Modern Period
2. Pre-Socratic Period
5. Contemporary Period
3. Medieval Period:
Scholastism
 Pre-philosophical Period
The Pre-Socratic period of the Ancient era of philosophy 
refers to Greek philosophers active before Socrates, or
contemporaries of Socrates who expounded on earlier
knowledge. Generally speaking, all that remains of their
works are a few textual fragments and the quotations of
later philosophers and historians.
 Pre-Socratic Period
Miletians
Western Philosophy it said that have
begun in the Ionic colonies of Asian
Minor around 6th century BC through Thales of
Miletus.
 Pre-Socratic Period
-know as the first Greek Philosopher
and the father of Philosophy.
-he is the first who engage
in the inquiry of searching causes
and principles of the natural world
and various phenomena without
relying on supernatural explanations
Thales and divine components.
 Pre-Socratic Period
He is more systematic than Thales. He
claimed that universe was formed from
boundless (apeiron) which is both the
first principle (arche) and the
substance (stoicheion) of the universe.

Anaximander
Pre-Socratic Period
another Miletian argued that air was
the fundamental elements.

Through the process of rarefaction or

compression, the air surrounds Earth in
a more or less compress state.
 HERACLITUS OF EPHESUS AND XENOPHANES
OF COLOPHON
HERACLITUS AND
XENOPHANES
Heraclitus of Ephesus was inspired by Xenophanes' idea
of an everlasting unchanging "One," but like many
philosophers of his time did not think this "One" was a
being or a person, but was instead a basic material that
was transformed in some way into other kinds of
material.
 PHYTAGORAS AND THE PHYTAGOREANS

PHYTAGOREANS

- believe that cosmos is a structured system ordered by

numbers.
- for them things become knowable because they are
structured the way they are: the structured can
apparently be expressed in a numerical ratio.
 The Pro-socratics and their points of
view
- its expressed a tendency toward observation and
analysis.
- its major concern is the nature of phenomena or
what constitutes the cosmos, testimonia ( reports from
ancient authors about the thinkers life and thoughts)
and fragments ( passage taken to be direct quotations)
reveal that they are also concerned with religious and
ethical thought, the nature of understanding ,
mathematics, and other areas concern.
 SOCRATES AND THE SOCRATIC SCHOOLS

- this second period in the Greek history was dominated

by three famous philosophers

1. Socrates
2. Plato
3. Aristotle
socrates
- he left no writings all.
- he has greatly influence by Western Philosophical
traditions through Plato’s Dialogue
- best known as elenchus or Socrates method.
- it is a method of question and answer that aims to
provoke the one being asked
- he also regarded as the one who urged self-
examination and claimed that the unexamined
life is not worth living.
 Plato
- his philosophy is a completion and
extension of philosophy of Socrates
- his philosophy is the science of the idea, or as we
should say of the unconditional basis of phenomena.
- the Republic his famous works
- his teacher is Socrates.
- his work’s encourage humanity to seek what is
good , what is true.
 Aristotle
- his philosophy is often described as an
opposition of Platonic philosophical
tradition.
- he believed that the aim of philosophy is truth.
- for him people are philosophize because they
wonder about the world as they do more things of
their experience appear a puzzling.
 1. Socrates 2. Plato 3. Aristotle
Their concern are more concentrated on inquiring
what is man and what he or she can become.
Socrates and
Aristotle
- their philosophy is about the world as a result
of reflection and analysis.
Plato
- understanding about the self and world will
Be revealed through painstaking analysis.
 MEDIEVEAL PERIOD : SCHOLASTICISM

- philosophy is described as the confluence of faith and

reason.

- concerned with proving God’s existence.

 MEDIEVEAL PERIOD : SCHOLASTICISM

- philosophy is described as the confluence of faith and

reason.

- concerned with proving God’s existence.

 MEDIEVEAL PERIOD : SCHOLASTICISM
Some of known philosopher on this period

St. - who is known for ontological argument for the

Anselm existence of GOD in proslogion.
St. Augustine- who is known to promote the argument
by
analogy against solipsism or the
psychological
Idea that only one’s own existence is the
only that is real.
 MEDIEVEAL PERIOD : SCHOLASTICISM
Some of known philosopher on this period
St. Thomas Aguinas
- who is famous as for his influential work
SUMANA THEOLOGICA which explain this views
on the creation and government of the universe, the
origin and nature of man and human destiny among
-.
others through Catholic Theology.
 MEDIEVEAL PERIOD : SCHOLASTICISM

The medieval philosophers attempt to reconcile

faith and reason revels that reflection and analysis
may be used to clarify thought or provide evidence
as proof for a topic important human like religions
-.
beliefs.
MODERN PERIOD : Rationalism, Empiricism and Kan’t
Philosophy
- it concern is about the problems or issues on
knowledge.
Rationalism
- as a philosophical vies states that the chief source
of our knowledge is reason rather than experience.
Empiricism
- believe that aside from reason, experience is also
a source of knowledge.
MODERN PERIOD : Rationalism, Empiricism and Kan’t
Philosophy
Immanuel Kant and Synthetic a Priori Knowledge
- a German Philosopher
- known to be the greatest thinkers in history of
Western Philosophy for various reason.
Synthetic a Priori Knowledge
- a form of knowledge is a product of both reason
and experience.
MODERN PERIOD : Rationalism, Empiricism and Kan’t
Philosophy
Synthetic a Priori Knowledge

- it means that to make sense of our experience of

something, we need concepts to describe it while
experience supplies the contents of our concept
necessary in forming judgements about our experience.
MODERN PERIOD : Rationalism, Empiricism and Kan’t
Philosophy
Immanuel Kant

- He insisted that not only through and by reason or

experience alone that one can acquire knowledge, but
rather one needs both.
MODERN PERIOD : Rationalism, Empiricism and Kan’t
Philosophy
Rationalism, Empiricism and Kant

- have one specific concern – the nature of knowledge

and knowledge claims.
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD: The Analytic and Continental
Tradition
Analytic Tradition
- this school of thought which dominated English
speaking countries is concentrated on logical analysis
of language to solve the problems which beset
philosophy
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD: The Analytic and Continental
Tradition
Continental Tradition
- this philosophical tradition dominated the non-
English speaking countries outside the analytic
tradition.
Example are the German Idealism, phenomology and
existentialism, hermnutics, structuralism, post
structuralism and French feminism are some of the
movements within this tradition.
HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE AND PARTIAL POINT OF
VIEW
What you experience in the previous
discussion will give you the perspective of
what is philosophy based on, how it is done by
the different philosophers and the common
notions or characteristics of it.
GOD IS
GOOD
ALL THE Ma’am Aῆo
TIME !!!