METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHIZIN
G e Hu man Person
Ph il o so p hy o f th
Introduction to
g
Tr. Angelyn e. Lingaton
LETS PONDER
 Which of the following statements are true?
 1. The sun is the centre of the solar system.
 2. Boracay is the most beautiful island in the world.
 3. God made the world in seven days.
 4. Man has right to life, freedom and pursuit of happiness.
 5. A person must always consider the happiness of his or her family before her own happiness.
 6. citizens have the right to take arms and overthrow an oppressive government
 7. Pres. Duterte is murderer.
WHAT IS TRUTH AND WHY IS
IT IMPORTANT?
 Before discussing truth, let us clarify KNOWLEDGE.

Knowledge is the clear awareness of and

understanding something.
It is the product of questions that allow for clear
answers provided by facts. Our knowledge is
comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be
TRUE.
EXPLORING KNOWLEDGE
Answer the following:

I know that …
I know why …
I know how …
 For example if we say that “I know that fish lives in the
water” because we know fish do live in a water. This is
what we know and observable or evident in the real
world, and these proposition or statements are known as
FACTS.

 If we say “Our school is the best school in Sebaste”,

these are not evidently known to be true, and it is known
as CLAIM. Further examination is required to establish
whether it is true or false.
HOW DO WE KNOW IF
SOMETHING IS TRUE?
 Let us start by stating the very obvious things we know about ourselves.

I am alive.
I have a body.
I can breath.
HOW DO WE KNOW IF
SOMETHING IS TRUE?
 Let us apply doubt.

I am alive?
I have a body?
I can breath?
HOW DO WE KNOW IF
SOMETHING IS TRUE?
 If you have answered yes to all of the doubtful questions, we can now say:

I am alive!
I have a body!
I can breath!
This is one perspective
on truth – That a belief is
true if it can be justified
or proven through the
use of one’s sense.
HOW DO WE KNOW IF
SOMETHING IS TRUE?
 Now let us tackle another statement.

I am a Filipino.
HOW DO WE KNOW IF
SOMETHING IS TRUE?
 Now let us apply systematic doubt.

Am I a
Filipino?
HOW DO WE KNOW IF
SOMETHING IS TRUE?
Lets have some research…

Filipino (NOUN)
Filipinos (plural noun) · Pilipino (noun) · Pilipinos
(plural noun)
1. a native of the Philippine Islands
2. nationality or a Citizen of the Republic of the
Philippines,
3. the national language of the Philippines , a
standardized form of Tagalog.
WHICH OF THOSE APPLY TO
YOU?
This is another basis for
determining truth: a belief or
statement is true if it is based on
facts.
HOW DO WE KNOW IF
SOMETHING IS TRUE?
Finally, let us explore the following statements about
what you can do.
I can play basketball.
I can fry an egg.
I understand the lesson.
HOW DO WE KNOW IF
SOMETHING IS TRUE?
Now let us apply systematic doubt.
Can I play basketball?
Can I fry an egg?
Do I understand the lesson?
WHICH OF THOSE THING YOU
CAN DO?
Determining truth in this
case requires a person to
prove a statement through
an action.
WRITTEN TASK 2
 Apply systematic doubt in the analysing the following
statements. Describe how you will determine their
truthfulness.
 1. Our classroom is clean and tidy.
 2. Our school is big.
 3. I am a good student.
 4. We live in a safe community.
HOW CAN PHILOSOPHY GUIDE US IN
DISTINGUISHING TRUTH FROM OPINION?
 Lets try this activity:
 1. it takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.
 2. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much for transportation.
 3. my sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
 4. the policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knee and placed him handcuffs.
 5. my sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it
with me.
 6. the aggressive manner by which policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the
brutality that characterize the police force.
HOW CAN PHILOSOPHY GUIDE US IN
DISTINGUISHING TRUTH FROM OPINION?
 Lets try this activity:
 1. it takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.
 2. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much for transportation.
 3. my sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
 4. my sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me.
 5. the policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knee and placed him handcuffs.
 6. the aggressive manner by which policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that
characterize the police force.
 Facts – contains ideas or information that are easily verifiable
 Opinions – statements go beyond providing facts, provides
conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. These
also provides bases for making arguments and convincing people
that a certain claim is a fact.
 Conclusion – judgement based on certain facts.
 Beliefs – statements that expresses conviction that are not easily
and clearly explained by facts.
 Explanations – statemments that assume the claime to be true and
provide reasons why the statement is true.
 Arguments – series of statements that provides reasons to
convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
PERFORMANCE TASK 2:
FALLACY AND BIASES
 List at least 5 fallacy you have encountered

 List at least 5 biases you have encountered