Vocabulary Terms
Absolute-definite
Abstract-intangible
Portrayal-depiction
Adopt-to take
Perspective-outlook
Impetus-driving force
Stems-result from
Perplexed-uncertain/doubtful
Conundrum-riddle
Intense-deep
Alignment-relative position
Conclusive-permanent decision
Preceding-coming before
Ultimate-final
Objective-factual
Yielded-attained
Actual-legitimate
Ethical-correct
Indispensable-essential
Dichotomy-difference
Symbiotic-related
Deduced-realized
Premium-prioritize
Emanating-result
Constantly-consistently
Fixated-pre-occupied
Abound-abundant
Vision-goal
Gear-address
Research is a process of executing
various mental acts for discovering and
examining facts and information to
prove the accuracy or truthfulness of
claims.
Importance of Research
1. A tool for building knowledge
and efficient learning
2. Means to understand various
issues
3. An aid to business success
4. A way to prove lies and to
support truths
5. Means to find, gauge, and seize
opportunities.
Purposes of Research
1. To learn how to work
independently
2. To learn how to work scientifically
or systematically
3. To have an in-depth knowledge
of something
4. To elevate your mental abilities
by letting you think in higher-
order thinking strategies (HOTS) of
inferring, evaluating, synthesizing,
appreciating, applying, and
creating
 5. To free yourself, to a certain
extent, from the domination or
strong influence of a single
textbook or of the professor’s
lone viewpoint or spoon feeding
Characteristics of Research (ACTORS)
1. Accuracy. It must give correct or
accurate data
2. Clarity. It must succeed in
expressing its central point or
discoveries by using simple,
direct, and concise language
3. Timeliness. Topic that is fresh,
new, and interesting
4. Objectiveness. It must deal with
facts, not with mere opinions
arising from assumptions
5. Relevance. Instrument in
improving society
6. Systematic. Organized or orderly
manner
Research Ethics
 No to Plagiarism
 Follow informed consent rules
 Be respectful of privacy
Research Process
1. Identify the problem
2. Research design
3. Sampling
4. Data gathering
5. Data presenting & analysis
6. Conclusions & Report
7. Discovery & Definition
Three Basic Research Approach
1. Scientific (Quantitative)
 Measurable & observable
facts
 Hard sciences/STEM
2. Naturalistic (Qualitative)
 People-oriented
 Data represent personal views
 Subjective
 Soft sciences
3. Triangulation (Both)
 Using techniques from both
approaches
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
1. Human understanding and
interpretation
2. Active, powerful, and forceful
3. Multiple research approaches
and methods
4. Specificity to generalization
5. Contextualization
6. Diversified data in real-life
situations
7. Abounds with words and visuals
8. Internal analysis
Types of Qualitative Research
1. Case study – why something is
happening to someone? (social
care, nursing, psychology,
rehabilitation centers, education,
etc.)
2. Ethnography – study of cultural
group
3. Phenomenology – how people
find experiences meaningful
4. Context & Discourse Analysis –
collect essays from prod. and
analyze
 5. Historical Analysis – history
6. Grounded Theory – deriving
theory based on your study
Strengths of Qualitative Research
1. Adopts a naturalistic approach
to its subject matter
2. Promotes a full understanding of
human behavior/personal traits
3. Instrumental to positive societal
change
4. Engenders respect for people’s
individuality
5. Way of understanding &
interpreting social actions
6. Increase the researcher’s interest
in the study
7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring
& examining knowledge
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. Involves a lot of researcher’s
subjectivity in data analysis
2. Hard to know the validity
3. Open-ended questions yielded
data
4. Time consuming
5. Involves several processes
Humanistic categories
1. Literature and Art Criticism. where
the researchers, using well-
chosen language and
appropriate organizational
pattern, depend greatly on their
interpretative and reflective
thinking in evaluating the object
of their study critically.
2. Philosophical Research. where
the focus of inquiry is on
knowledge and principles of
being and on the manner human
beings conduct themselves on
earth.
3. Historical Research. where the
investigation centers on events
and ideas that took place in
man’s life at a particular period.
Qualitative Research
 Non-numerical data (words=unit)
 Reductionist nature (how
researchers see)
 Natural setting (Direct source of
data)
 Subjective
 Researcher – Key Instrument
 Inductive reasoning (specific to
general)
Steps in Qualitative Research
1. Identification of phenomenon to
be studied
2. Identification of participants in
the study
3. Generation of hypothesis
4. Data Collection
5. Data Analysis
6. Interpretation
Methods in Qualitative Research
1. Interview (individual/focus group)
2. Observation
(individual/groups/location)
3. Document analysis (content
analysis)
Quantitative Research
 Measurable variables
(numbers=unit)
 Numerical, statistical
 Empirical evidence
 Objective
 Deductive reasoning (general to
specific)

Variables are measured by:

1. Surveys
2. Tests
3. Questionnaires
4. Checklists
5. Structured observation

Types of Research based on

application of research method

1. Applied – intention is to apply

chosen research to societal
problems
2. Pure – deals with concepts &
principles
3. Explanatory – explains not just the
reasons behind the relationship of
two factors but also the ways in
which the relationships exist
4. Exploratory – purpose is to find
out how reasonable or possible it
is to conduct a research study
5. Descriptive – aims at
defining/giving a verbal
portrayal/picture of a person,
thing, event