Validated Questionnaire

Republic of the Philippines
Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
(University of Cabuyao)
Senior High School Department
Katapatan Mutual Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna 4025
“The Impact of Tardiness on Academic Performance of Humanities and
Social Science Students”
A Senior High School Thesis Presented to the Faculty at
Cabuyao Institute of Technology
City of Cabuyao
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Humanities and Social Science Strand
By:
Almendral, Kiana Marie V.
Barrientos, Nathalie G.
Delmo, Eugene James F.
Malhacan, Bianca Mia S.
Janell, Pacleb C.
1
JULY 2023
Chapter 1
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
Tardiness is an activity in which the participants fail to arrive at the scheduled
time. This behavior is most commonly understood or articulated in specific contexts,
such as when a student is late for class, a worker is late for work, or any other
situation where being late is elaborated. According to a study by Paz (2020),
tardiness is a habit of procrastination that may damage students' academic
performance since it interferes with their ability to attend important classes or
lessons by being late. Today, tardiness has become a serious issue, especially for
young people who are also students. However, this problem is not limited to young
people; it may also apply to adults, such as professors who are tardy for class or
employees who are late for work meetings or seminars.
Furthermore, tardiness does not only negatively affect one student's academic
performance. Still, it can also affect their relationship with the people around them,
not only with their classmates but also with their teachers. (Paz, 2020)
Humanities and Social Science, commonly known as HUMSS, is a Senior High
School strand that studies human behavior, social interactions, and political and
cultural context. Students who take this strand can pursue careers as lawyers,
2
teachers, social workers, politicians, psychologists, and many more. Following this,
they must maintain a solid academic performance to maintain reasonable and
passing grades. However, they may face difficulties such as academic burnout, and
some may engage in tardiness as a hobby, which will negatively impact their
academic results. As stated above, tardiness also affects the relationship they build
with their classmates and teachers due to the impacts of missed activities and
lessons and their socializing skills.
In conclusion, as a Humanities and Social Science student, one must maintain
outstanding academic performance and a healthy relationship with the people around
them, which helps them improve their socializing skills that are essential in their
selected Senior High School strand. Humanities and Social Science students should
avoid or lessen their tardiness and set a good example or role model for the people
around them and, most significantly, the future 'Humanista’.
Background of the Study
Tardiness is the act of being late, and it is a problem that everyone
encounters, no matter their gender or age may be. The effects of this problem may
vary for different age groups. For students, the effects of tardiness may become a
hindrance to their performance in school which will affect their future. For adults, its
effects may result in putting their careers in jeopardy. For older adults, tardiness
may affect how they perceive time, making it hard for them to figure out how much
time has passed in days, a week, a month, or even a year. This study will primarily
3
focus on the student's experiences on hand so that researchers may figure out the
main reasons behind a student's tardiness and its impact on students' academic
performance, specifically among the Humanities and Social Science Senior High
School students at Cabuyao Institute of Technology.
Based on the research conducted by Vukovic (2017), globally, the
effects of tardiness on students’ learning performance result in the students
receiving fewer hours of teaching compared to those who got to class on time. But
not only do students who are consistently tardy exhibit bad habits, but they also
disrupt the learning of other students in their classes. Furthermore, according to
Abalaing et al. (2019), tardiness widely affects students' academic performance in
the Philippines due to missed classes and missed hours of instructional learning. As a
result, it may cause failed accomplishments for the students. Tardiness may also
become a habit of some students, which will eventually lead them to more serious
problems like poor process learning in the near or distant future. The possible effects
of tardiness on Cabuyao Institute of Technology students are no different. It can lead
to poor academic performance, failed accomplishments, a negative impact on the
student's future, and more.
Although many studies have been conducted on how tardiness affects
a student's academic performance, none have gone so far as to determine why a
particular student is tardy and what obstacles they may have encountered that cause
them to be tardy. That is why we, the researchers, have decided to conduct this
study to discover why students, particularly Humanities and Social Science Senior
4
High School Students, are tardy and to produce new recommendations for dealing
with tardiness.
Theoretical Framework
Theory of Behaviorism
According to the theory, behaviorism—also known as behavioral psychology—
is founded on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. One of
its instances is the interaction that begins inside the environment and eventually
results in conditioning or shaping one's identity, attitude, and conduct. Behaviorists
contend that how we respond to environmental stimuli dictates how we conduct
ourselves. Being late is one of the detrimental impacts of environmental behavioral
conditioning, which indicates that late also resulting from the environment in which a
person grows up. In rare situations, however, tardiness may result from internal
personal problems. According to Watson (1913), environmental and behavioral
conditioning affects how people interact with their friends, classmates, families, and
peers. As a result, being late impacts both internal and external aspects, including
disruptions to classrooms, peers, and professors, and would even negatively affect
their academic performances.
The Psychology of Laziness
Neel Burton M.D (2014) implies that a person is capable of performing an
action that they should perform but is unwilling to do so. Instead, he performs the
task haphazardly, engages in another, less laborious or dull activity, or does nothing.
In other words, he is being lazy if his desire to save time and effort comes before his
5
desire to act morally or socially acceptable. According to this theory, procrastination
is delaying doing something because you believe doing something else will be
simpler or more enjoyable, even though the task is typically less important or
urgent. Procrastination is closely related to laziness and is most frequently observed
in people who are already working and students. Procrastination and laziness include
a lack of motivation, a related trait. But unlike someone lazy, a procrastinator strives
and intends to do the task, and they do finish it eventually, albeit at a higher cost to
themselves. A person who is late lacks motivation. The most significant source of a
person's motivation is their family. If someone is lacking in this area, it will
eventually manifest in negative behavior, which will develop into a hobby known as
tardiness over time. A tardy person exhibits laziness traits, and some also practice
procrastination. Because of this, their peers, teachers, and people in their immediate
environment may also lack motivation and be unmotivated as well.
Theory of Performance
According to Don Elfger (2007), people can grow and achieve great things in
life by improving their performance on many different levels and fronts. As a result,
this theory is concerned with improving a performer's performance, who, according
to the theory, is an individual or a group that works together to perform and
accomplish shared objectives. In specific contexts, such as academic or institutional
settings, a performer is an individual, but in other instances, a performer is a group
of people who collaborate. Don Elfger also stated that various factors could measure
a student's academic capacity, such as their level of identity, and that as an
6
individual matures, their levels of performance differ from previous years. Then there
are their skill levels, which describe a student's actions while performing their
academic tasks. Moreover, the level of knowledge is an important factor in compiling
various information, facts, and figures that can help them improve their levels of
performance. Finally, personal factors can have an impact on academic performance.
Personal affairs with a student's family, friends, and social life have a significant
impact on their academic performance.
Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Academic Performance of
Impact of Tardiness
Humanities and Social Science
Students
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
The figure shows the concept of this study entitle The Impact of Tardiness on
Academic Performance among Humanities and Social Science Students. It contains
both the independent and dependent variables. The first frame defined the
Independent Variable, which is the impact of tardiness. The second frame defined
the dependent variable, which included the Academic Performance of Humanities and
Social Science Students.
7
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine tardiness and its impact on the academic
performance of Senior High School Students of the Humanities and Social Science
Strand.
Specifically, the researchers sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the grade level of Humanities and Social Science Senior High School
students?
2. What is the level of tardiness of Humanities and Social Science Senior High
School students in terms of:
2.1 Arriving at the class
2.2 Submitting Activities
3. What is the level of academic performance of Humanities and Social Science
Senior High School students in terms of:
3.1 Individual School works
3.2 Group School works
4. Is there a significant difference between the grade level of Humanities and Social
Science Senior High School students and their level of tardiness?
5. Is there a significant difference between the grade level of Humanities and Social
Science Senior High School students and their level of academic performance?
8
6. Is there a significant relationship between the level of tardiness and the level of
academic performance of the Humanities and Social Science Senior High School
students?
7. What is this study's importance in measuring tardiness's impact on the academic
performance of Senior High School Students of the Humanities and Social Science
Strand?
Hypothesis
This study aims to determine tardiness's impact on academic performance
among Humanities and Social Science Students.
The following hypotheses were formulated:
Ho, there is no significant difference between the grade level of Humanities and
Social Science Senior High School students and their level of tardiness.
Ho, there is no significant difference between the grade level of Humanities and
Social Science Senior High School students and their level of academic performance.
Ha, there is a significant relationship between Tardiness and Academic Performance
among Senior High School Students of Humanities and Social Science Strand.
Scope and Delimitation of the study
This study will be confined to the determination of the impacts of tardiness on
academic performance among Senior High School Students of the Humanities and
Social Science strand. It aims to assess the relationship between tardiness and a
9
student's academic performance. The scope of this study will be only limited to the
Grade 11, and Grade 12 students of the Humanities and Social Science strand
enrolled in the 1st semester of the academic school year 2022-2023 at Cabuyao
Institute of Technology. This study will be done through the utilization of a survey
form. The study will be conducted on the school campus to make communication
between the researchers and the respondents easier.
Significance of the Study
This study aimed to determine the impact of tardiness on students' academic
performance. Furthermore, to increase awareness and understanding of how to
lessen the level of tardiness.
This study will be beneficial to the following:
School. This study will be beneficial for the school as it enables the provision of
programs and policies that will avoid the students' tardiness.
Students. This study will be beneficial for students as it will give awareness on how
to avoid tardiness and improve their ability to handle their time as a student
leisurely.
Teachers. This study will be beneficial for teachers as it helps identify why students
are getting late and how they can prevent their tardiness.
Parents. This study will be beneficial for parents as it will make them aware of the
causes of their child's tardiness and teach them how to assist their child in avoiding
it.
10
Researchers. This study will be beneficial for the researchers as it provides
information to understand and give recommendations for dealing with tardiness.
Future Researchers. This study will be beneficial for future researchers as it will
serve as a guide for those conducting similar studies.
Definition of Terms
The following terms used in this study are conceptually and operationally
defined for better understanding of the readers.
Academic burnout. Refers to student exhaustion and disengagement from specific
school demands.
Albeit. A conjunction meaning “even though” or “although”.
Behavioral Psychology. Study of the connection between our minds and behavior.
Behaviorism. Highlights the idea that all behaviors are acquired through interaction
with the environment.
Detrimental. Harmful, damaging, or undesirable.
Haphazardly. In a manner lacking any obvious principle of organization.
Hindrance. Affects or delays the students' performance.
Interfere. Causing you to stop or slow the process of academic performance of the
students.
Jeopardy. A danger of loss, harm, or failure.
11
Laborious. Of speech or writing style showing obvious signs or effect and lacking
fluency.
Leisurely. The act of doing something without hurrying.
Procrastination. An act where a person/student delays or postpones something.
Tardiness. Being late or failing to arrive at the expected time.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Being consistently present and arriving at school on time is essential
for maintaining productivity and achieving students' goals in life. Since punctuality
teaches students the value of time, this study aims to determine how tardiness
affects the academic performance of Humanities and Social Science students at
Cabuyao Institute of Technology. To emphasize the significance of this study,
relevant literature and studies about tardiness and its impacts on students' academic
performance are presented in this chapter. It also explains the synthesis of the art to
help readers fully comprehend the current study.
Tardiness
A.W. Frisby defines tardiness in the Longman English Dictionary as doing
something too slowly or arriving late. Additionally, the word tardy was first used in
12
the 15th and 16th centuries and derived from the Latin words "tardus" and
"tardivus," both of which mean late. On the other hand, a piece of literature asserts
that tardiness is a disorderly habit that some people, particularly students, have
acquired and that it is a behavior that can be passed from one person to another
(Tardiness and Lateness as School Problems, 2018).
In addition, Dr. Linda Sapadin (2017) enumerated four personality types that
are particularly prone to being late: The Perfectionist, The Crisis Maker, The Defier,
and The Dreamer. The first type is the Perfectionists, defined as people who are so
fixated on perfection that they are unaware of their tardiness. Next is the Crisis
Makers, which refers to people who prefer to be in a desperate rush and wait until
the very last minute to begin a task. Then, the Defiers refer to people who challenge
the overwhelming authority of the social structures that currently govern our
behavior and dictate when and how we should act. The last is the Dreamers, defined
as people who think that travel times are incredibly brief and believe it is acceptable
to fit several agendas into a five-minute window.
The Swedish study by Warne, Svensson, Tirén, and Wall (2020) also
investigated tardiness's social, cultural, and educational contexts. The researchers
looked into the students' relationships with their families to see if that might have
affected their tardiness. The study stated that a student's adolescent adjustment
might be the cause of changes in their tardiness, behavior, attitudes, cognitive
abilities, and social skills. The researchers also examine the relationship between
13
tardiness and a wider range of factors from the student's social-ecological
perspective, which considers physical, social-cultural, and health-related factors.
Beltran (2016) stated that when a student is tardy and exhibits absenteeism,
it severely impacts their ability to learn and function academically. It demonstrates
that tardiness affects a student's ability to learn and academic achievement, and it
may also reveal some absenteeism symptoms in the pupils. DJ Beltran also quoted
that tardiness might result in a student wasting talents, showing signs of alcohol
consumption, drug abuse, and anti-social behavior. For instance, a grade 11
Humanities and Social Science student is good in their academic performance; years
after entering their last year in senior high school, this specific humanities and social
science student experienced being late in one of their classes, and this activity
continued until it becomes a habit, in which negatively affects their academic
performance that eventually affected their mental health in which the alcohol
consumption became their way to cope up in handling this situation, which later on
resulted in the student dropping out of school.
Furthermore, Cortez, Elomina, Saligan, Manlangit, & Tan (2020) assert that
being late to class is a sign of a student's lack of responsibility. Being late from class
simultaneously could lead to irresponsibility and loss of students' valuable time. In
addition to one's responsibility as a student, the study found that punctuality reflects
good manners, respect, and a good reputation. The study's authors concluded that
for students to perform better academically, they must be able to manage and value
their time.
14
Bolaos, Bartola, and Parreño (2017) study at the Ateneo de Davao University-
Junior High School was able to determine that tardiness was the most common
student infraction. The study stated that going to bed and waking up late, as well as
the travel time to school, are the possible reasons for respondents' tardiness. In
contrast, the consequences of tardiness include stress, fatigue, and disorganization.
Being late increases behavior problems and results in wasted learning. By this,
Zeiger (2020) suggests that students must arrive on time for class as persistent
tardiness has been linked in American studies to lower GPAs, standardized test
scores, and graduation rates. It has also proven that tardiness and truancy are
connected. Further, students who arrive late often face suspension and other
disciplinary actions.
Mullinix (2019) asserted that late assignment submissions should be handled
in a helpful manner that considers the situation, characteristics of the general
population, and the student's unique issues. The author noted that any assignments
finished after the late time will be recorded at 50% when a student's assignments
are due at the start of the first class of the second week. Moreover, diverse student
populations benefit from laws that promote achievement, education, and justice. The
amount of time required to finish and turn in their academic assignments on time
and without being late would be filled out. In conclusion, students must turn in their
assignments on time to receive a favorable rating.
Moreover, according to a study on the issue of school tardiness in Nigeria,
arriving late is a disruptive behavior that affects academic performance and school
15
operations (Effect of Lateness to School on Academic Performance of Students,
2019). The study argues that one of the causes of Nigeria's declining educational
standards may be secondary school students' repeated tardiness to class. In this
context, being late is defined as showing up after the scheduled time and is seen as
the result of negligence and fundamental weakness. The study points out that
tardiness to school can hinder the principles of harmony and equality in education
and that discipline, which includes punctuality and regularity, is required to create a
favorable environment for teaching and learning. The study also shows that
collaboration between the teacher and the students is essential for effective teaching
and learning, which is why it's so important for students to attend class regularly and
arrive on time.
Along with the evidence mentioned above, Asuncion (2018) claims in an
article that regular attendance and punctuality are crucial for successful learning
outcomes in school. Considering the effect of tardiness and absenteeism on students'
overall development, this will help the student from developing their academic
learning. Additionally, Asuncion (2018) states that student absences and tardiness
are frequently used as indicators of the success or failure of academic and
educational use and are implemented by schools to improve students' performance.
Correspondingly, these two issues enable administrators and teachers to implement
plans, policies, and projects to reduce student tardiness and create more precise and
efficient student tracking methods. Student achievement is correlated with tracking
16
students' participation in teaching and learning activities. It is the primary indicator
of a student's level of dedication to their academic course of study.
Academic Performance
Researchers from different studies claim that some of the students do suffer
from low self-esteem as a result of dental disorders, which is one of the reasons why
they engaged in behaviors like tardiness and absenteeism, which had an adverse
effect on their performance as well as their mental health (Ryan Richard Ruff MPH,
Sashendra Senthi MBChB, Stephanie R. Susser MD-CM, & Atsuko Tsutsui MD, 2019).
Zerbini G et al. (2017) also revealed that children with late chronotypes struggle
academically as a result of their lack of sleep, fatigue, and reduced alertness. The
social and environmental factors, such as increased use of technology and exposure
to artificial light, that affect late chronotypes may also have an impact.
In addition, data analysis performed on 12,127 students at the University of
Western State by Freeman, Kern, Gambino, Lombardi, & Kowitt (2019) reveals some
statistically significant correlations between the student's academic performance and
their behavior, such as tardiness. It showed that students' academic performance is
more likely to suffer when their exposure to tardiness is higher than the number of
times that they refrain from engaging in this kind of behavioral activity.
Furthermore, according to a study by Adriano & Santos (2019), student
workloads such as assignments, homeroom activities, exams, and many more, have
a huge impact both on students' and teachers' environments. The study also noted
17
that failing to spend enough time on individual assignments and projects would lower
a student's overall grade point average (GPA). The researchers assert that students
should make an effort required to finish all their assigned schoolwork on time to
prevent this from happening. Despite these assertions, the research literature and
instructor practice frequently ignore the issue of student burden. Therefore, a
student's grade point average (GPA) is still influenced by how well they complete and
respond to the tasks and responsibilities assigned to them by their teacher and how
well they can manage their time while working on their tasks.
The study by Songsirisak and Jitpranee (2019) states that homework is one of
the examples of individual school work and one of the primary problems of primary
and secondary students. The study looked into how homework affects students'
learning; the results of their studies showed that despite certain psychological effects
on learning and interference with free time management, homework helped and
promoted students' learning. The study also claims that it enabled students to
broaden their knowledge, develop their cognitive skills, and raise their academic
performance. To clarify assignments and improve their communication skills, it also
encouraged students to collaborate and communicate with teachers. Additionally,
Jianzhong Xu (2022) revealed that some clusters of a person's schoolwork had been
found. These clusters were specifically related favorably to prior achievement,
homework interest, homework quality, family help, teacher feedback, academic
purpose, self-regulatory purpose, mastery approach, and help-seeking and
negatively to TV watching time.
18
For instance, factors that contribute to a student's performance in individual
schoolwork levels are mentioned in an article provided by Tribulano and Moneva
(2022), which examines a student's level of self-confidence has its correlation with
their performance on academic tasks or assignments. The authors provided the
factors that affect a student's level of self-confidence, such as their upbringing, past
experiences, personality traits, and classroom environment. The authors also added
the idea that self-confidence plays a crucial role in a student's success in the
classroom, as it affects their willingness to take on challenges and their ability to
persist through difficulties. Thus, to improve students’ performance, they must
create or provide a supportive and positive classroom environment, providing
opportunities for students to set and achieve goals and giving constructive feedback
that focuses on effort and improvement rather than solely on the result.
Moreover, a study by Faye Avis (2017) explores how the students view the
responsibilities and tasks given to them to comprehend how middle school students
and teachers feel about the classroom, the school, and their relationship with it. The
researchers intended to gather official data on students' impressions because the
jobs and responsibilities program had mainly favorable reactions throughout the first
few years of deployment. According to this study, students' initial reactions to their
schoolwork can be either positive or negative. Individual homework helps children
develop their level of thinking and performance, but because there are so many
individual activities, assignments, and works, it also stresses out students. In
conclusion, based on a study by De Asas (2017), the implementation of the system-
19
helping process is one of the general concepts of individual schoolwork. They also
discuss or emphasize the main goal of individual activity is to have the same main
goal-related plans.
On the other hand, the study by Eva Hammar Chiriac (2014) provided an
overview of the experiences students had with group projects while in college. The
researcher discussed how group projects can improve students' critical thinking,
problem-solving, communication, and teamwork abilities. The author also highlights
potential issues like issues with group dynamics, scheduling conflicts, and unequal
participation. To support the study, the researcher conducted interviews with
students to gain knowledge of their opinions on group work. The author found that
the majority of the students had positive experiences and viewed group work as a
practical educational tool. The students appreciated the opportunity to collaborate on
assignments and share information, but they also understood the value of taking
personal responsibility and having clear expectations.
Apart from that, Eva Hammar Chiriac (2014) stated that group work is a
common method of instruction in most educational institutions, from compulsory
education to higher education. In educational settings, group work's primary goal is
to promote learning. The authors presumed that students engaging in group
activities would learn something, which has caused earlier research to focus primarily
on ways to increase group work efficiency and ways to understand why some group
work sessions have positive results while others have the opposite effect. A review of
earlier studies also shows that there has been an increase in the amount of study on
20
pupil cooperation in the classroom. The majority of the research has concentrated on
how group learning and problem-solving are impacted by student cooperation and
interaction. This increased interest can be ascribed to the fact that both academics
and educators are becoming more aware of the advantages that teamwork can have
for students' capacity to learn. Dennis Fung (2014)
An article by Rukundo and Namusike (2022) that focuses on and investigates
the impacts of Cooperative Learning is also regarded to be successful in enhancing
students' motivation, social skills, and cognitive capacities compared to traditional
modes of delivery. This teaching strategy, which can also keep the students
motivated when using cooperative learning techniques, emphasizes involving the
students in the process of understanding and learning the subject's material. The
authors also discuss how Cooperative Learning affects students' academic success.
This major class principle motivates students to actively support one another and
ensures the accomplishment of the assigned activity and the group's purpose
through the integration of these two concepts. The academic performance of
students is considered to be improved by cooperative learning. Additionally, Dapat
and Lasala (2019) stated that studying in a group setting should incorporate
cooperative and collaborative actions. When students work together, they are
maximizing their learning. The ideals of communication, trust, voluntarism and active
engagement are among the social skills that need to be put into practice during the
learning process. These social skills attract Filipino educators to the classroom due to
21
their similar local practices. This means that incorporating cooperative learning into
the classroom will benefit students' academic performance.
Likewise, the study by Devera and Maragin (2020) explores the group
performance experiences of Filipino Grade 12 students. According to the study,
group performance exercises were an important part of the student’s academic
experiences and had both favorable and unfavorable effects on their learning
outcomes and personal growth. Improvements in communication abilities, a rise in
self-assurance, and a feeling of belonging and camaraderie with their classmates
were some benefits of group performance. However, the study also noted several
difficulties with group performance, including uneven workload distribution, conflicts
within the group, and trouble coordinating schedules. The authors advise educators
to be aware of these difficulties and to offer support and direction to students so
they can overcome them.
Synthesis
The works of literature and studies we gathered show that being late can
affect students' academic performance by causing them to miss out on important
information and instruction. Latecomers risk missing important demonstrations,
discussions, or explanations that are essential to learning the material being taught.
The fact that students miss out on important information and instruction is one way
that tardiness can have an adverse effect on academic performance. Lower grades
22
and poor academic performance may follow from this. Being late can also have an
adverse effect on academic performance by interfering with other students’ ability to
learn. The teacher and other students may become distracted when a student is late
to class. Other students may find it difficult to concentrate as a result of this
disruption, which could ultimately result in a less effective learning environment.
Meanwhile, it has been discovered that a student's performance in both
individual and group schoolwork levels is influenced by factors like prior
achievement, homework interest, homework quality, family help, teacher feedback,
academic purpose, self-regulatory purpose, mastery approach, and help-seeking.
Teachers must foster a supportive and upbeat learning environment in the
classroom, give students a chance to set and achieve goals and provide constructive
criticism to raise students' performance. This teaching method influences students'
academic success because it strongly emphasizes getting the students involved in
comprehending and learning the subject's material.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the techniques and processes used to gather
the data, how they were analyzed and interpreted, and how the conclusion was
reached. This section defended the methods used to collect the data, which helped
23
give the study direction and strength because it was then accurate and analytical. All
of these aid in the analysis of the data and the development of the conclusions. This
section specifically covered the following topics: the research design, research locale,
the respondents or subjects to be studied (which will include the sampling method),
the data-gathering tools, the data-gathering procedure, and the statistical analysis.
Research Design
The descriptive method of research was employed in this study to learn more
about the present situation. This method was used to investigate the cause(s) of
specific phenomena and to describe the nature of a situation as it existed at the time
of the study. The decision to use this type of research was made by the researchers
in light of their desire to gather information directly from the respondents to develop
justification, conclusions, and recommendations for the study.
A descriptive method was used to determine the effect of tardiness on
respondents' academic performance during the 1 st semester of the school year 2022–
2023. The impact of tardiness on academic performance among students studying
the humanities and social sciences is going to examine using checklist
questionnaires.
Research Locale
The study was conducted at Cabuyao Institute of Technology, located at
Enterprise Park, Brgy. Banay-Banay, City of Cabuyao, Province of Laguna. The
24
school has a total population of 434 Humanities and Social Science students, which is
composed of 7 sections.
The researchers chose Cabuyao Institute of Technology because it is more
convenient for the researchers and makes communication between the researchers
and the respondents easier. In this school, tardiness seems to be a common problem
for students.
Sampling Technique
Using Slovin’s formula, the respondents were selected from 434 Humanities
and Social Science Senior High School students who were enrolled in the 1 st semester
of the school Year 2022-2023. The details for the sample in this study are shown
below.
n = sample size
N = population
e = percentage
Slovin:
n=?
N= 434
e= 5% or 0.05
N
n=
1+ Ne ²
434
n=
1+(434)( 0.05)²
25
434
n=
1+(434)( 0.0025)
434
n=
1+(434)( 0.0025)
434
n=
1+1.085
434
n=
2.085
n=208.15
n= 209 respondents
In this study, a randomized sampling method was employed. To give every
student enrolled in the first semester of the academic year 2022–2023 at Cabuyao
Institute of Technology an equal chance. This sampling technique will be used. The
level of tardiness that Humanities and Social Science students exhibit will be used by
the researchers to assess how it affects their academic performance.
Data Gathering Tools
To accomplish the main goal of the study, a checklist questionnaire
instrument were used. The Grades 11 and 12 Humanities and Social Sciences
students were given the questionnaire on tardiness and academic performance to
determine how tardiness affected the respondents' academic performance. For this
study, the answers of respondents will be evaluated to determine whether it affects
the learning of the respondents.

26
The checklist questionnaire's design makes it simple for respondents to
provide their answers. The questionnaire's main goal is to ascertain how often
Humanities and Social Science students are late, which may have an impact on their
academic performance. This research will use a checklist questionnaire to find the
level of tardiness and academic performance of Humanities and Social Science
students. The questionnaire was composed of questions that will be answered by
rating from 4-1, from strongly agree to strongly disagree, respectively, to limit
responses within this study’s scope.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers requested the approval of the Research
Coordinator, Research Adviser, and Senior High School Head Teacher to conduct this
study. As soon as the letter got the approval, they coordinated with the school
principal of Cabuyao Institute of Technology for permission to allow the students to
be the respondents of the study. The researchers, therefore, distribute the
instrument together with a personal-constructed tool which is the survey
questionnaires. After the orientation of the researchers, the respondents will be
given time to answer all questions. Immediately after that, the entire instrument will
be collected. In the end, the researchers will total, tabulate, and apply the treatment
based on a skilled statistician's assistance and statistical tools.
27
References:
28
Academ. (2017, April 4). The Benefits of Student Self-Assessment for Academic
Performance | Academ. Software for the Education Sector | Academ.
https://academ.com.au/importance-student-self-assessment/
Abalaing, W. A. C., Cardinoza, E. B., Lumandas, M. A. N., Rioflorido, J. L., Ruiz, E.
A., & Tamon, C.-J. S. (2019). Effects of Tardiness to the Academic Performance of
Grade 12 ABM Students inBestlink College of the Philippines School Year 2018-2019.
Ascendens Asia Singapore – Bestlink College of the Philippines Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1).
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1364?
articlesBySameAuthorPage=2
Beltran, D. (n.d.). TARDINESS IN RELATION TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF
THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF LA VERDAD CHRISTIAN SCHOOL AY La
Verdad Christian School. Www.academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/33978319/TARDINESS_IN_RELATION_TO_THE_ACADEM
IC_PERFORMANCE_OF_THE_SENIOR_HIGH_SCHOOL_STUDENTS_OF_LA_VERDAD_C
HRISTIAN_SCHOOL_AY_La_Verdad_Christian_School
Effect of Classroom Assigned Task and Responsibilities Program in Middle School
(n.d.). Www.google.com. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://digitalcommons.li
ndenwood.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1184%26context
%3Ddissertations&ved=2ahUKEwik-
29
dWL3OD9AhUKVmwGHXfmDRwQFnoECAsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw338Gc_RsWP5-
h5FX4QTiF6
EFFECT OF LATENESS TO SCHOOL ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN
SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOL IN OKORODU, LAGOS STATE. (2019, November
28). RONKUTA’S RESEARCH CENTER.
https://ronkuta.wordpress.com/2019/11/28/effect-of-lateness-to-school-on-
academic-performance-of-students-in-selected-secondary-school-in-okorodu-lagos-
state/
Freeman, J., Kern, L., Gambino, A. J., Lombardi, A., & Kowitt, J. (2019). Assessing
the Relationship between the Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports
Framework and Student Outcomes in High Schools. Journal of At-Risk Issues, 22(2),
1–11. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1231342
Fung, D. (2014). Promoting critical thinking through effective group work: A teaching
intervention for Hong Kong primary school students. International Journal of
Educational Research, 66, 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2014.02.002
Hammar Chiriac, E. (2014). Group Work as an Incentive for Learning Students
Experiences of Group Work. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(558).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00558
Importance Of Turning Work on Time And Being On Time Essay Sample, words: 559.
(n.d.). WritingBros. Retrieved March 12, 2023, from https://writingbros.com/essay-
30
examples/importance-of-turning-work-on-time-and-being-on-time/?
fbclid=IwAR3uOZUC4M3S1jTnNN2MjYVGnRmpQYU2tkqFjcMt18am2qbSZ3za5Az7xlo
Inocian, R. B., Dapat, L. C., Pacaña, G. B., & Lasala, G. M. (2019). Indigenizing and
contextualizing the use of cooperative learning strategies. Journal of Research, Policy
& Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education, 9(2), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.37134/jrpptte.vol9.no2.1.2019
IT’S ABOUT TIME TO BE ON TIME! A Study on Students’ Tardiness in Ateneo de
Davao University-Junior High School – University Research Council. (2017).
Addu.edu.ph. https://research.addu.edu.ph/its-about-time-to-be-on-time-a-study-
on-students-tardiness-in-ateneo-de-davao-university-junior-high-school/
Jerald Cano-og Moneva, & Shiela Mae Tribunalo. (2020, May). Students’ Level of
Self-confidence and Performance Tasks. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343568936_Students
John B. Watson’s Theory Of Behaviorism | ipl.org. (n.d.). Www.ipl.org. Retrieved
March 20, 2023, from https://www.ipl.org/essay/John-B-Watsons-Theory-Of-
Behaviorism-F3DHM92FJE86?
fbclid=IwAR28Ng5HM0POhkfZvTfJ8ne3iWjP6iB4m8OaHMQSL_ERfE7NIOM0Soaj0vM
Kruszelnicki, D. K. (2017, November 7). The four personality types that are always
late. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/well-good/teach-me/98646742/the-
four-personality-types-that-are-always
31
Ma. Niña I. Adriano, & Melanie M. Santos. (2019). STUDENT WORKLOAD: ITS
IMPACT ON THE LEARNING EXPERIENCES OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS.
Harvest, 15(1), 1–1. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=14537
Paz, J. (n.d.). NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TARDINESS TO THE OVERALL ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE OF ACADEMIC STUDENTS. Www.academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/44907726/NEGATIVE_EFFECTS_OF_TARDINESS_TO_TH
E_OVERALL_ACADEMIC_PERFORMANCE_
PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions. (n.d.).
Www.pressreader.com. https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-
pampanga/20180303/281608125970592
Ruff, R. R., Senthi, S., Susser, S. R., & Tsutsui, A. (2019). Oral health, academic
performance, and school absenteeism in children and adolescents. The Journal of the
American Dental Association, 150(2), 111-121.e4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2018.09.023
Songsirisak, P. (2019, May). (PDF) IMPACT OF HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT ON
STUDENTS’ LEARNING. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334945642_IMPACT_OF_HOMEWORK_AS
SIGNMENT_ON_STUDENTS
Studies, I. J. of A. and H. (2021). Self-Esteem, Self-Control and Deviant Behavior of
HUMSS Senior High School Students | International Journal of Arts and Humanities
32
Studies. Al-Kindipublisher.com.
https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/ijahs/article/view/2410
Tardiness and Lateness as School Problems: [Essay Example], 1041 words. (n.d.).
GradesFixer. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-
examples/tardiness-and-lateness-as-school-problems/
tardy | meaning of tardy in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English | LDOCE.
(2023). Ldoceonline.com. https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/tardy
404. (n.d.). Scholarlyteacher. Retrieved March 12, 2023, from
https://www.scholarlyteacher.com/posts/Lateness-and-Learning%3A-Issues-and-
Strategies-Associated-with-Late-or-Missed-Submission
The-Helping-Process -Group-Work-Report - Asian Social Institute (ASI) 1518 Leon
Guinto St, Malate, - Studocu. (n.d.). Studocu. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/asian-social-institute/bs-social-work/the-
helping-process-group-work-report/13672485
The Impact of Tardiness on School Success. (n.d.). Www.blaineschools.org.
https://www.blaineschools.org/site/default.aspx?
PageType=3&DomainID=12&ModuleInstanceID=2271&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-
497E-9316-
3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=5189&PageID=17#:~:text=Students
%20who%20are%20frequently%20tardy
33
The Psychology of Laziness | Psychology Today. (n.d.). Www.psychologytoday.com.
Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-
and-seek/201410/the-psychology-of-laziness?
amp&fbclid=IwAR1PMrwSAgernfxFGN6KjjGbV3E_MjLSBQG84mODWDaiFGMzdv_-
xPmftcU
Vukovic, R. (2017, February 1). The effect of student tardiness on learning. Teacher
Magazine. https://www.teachermagazine.com/au_en/articles/the-effect-of-student-
tardiness-on-learning
Warne, M., Svensson, Å., Tirén, L., & Wall, E. (2020). On-Time: A Qualitative Study
of Swedish Students’, Parents’ and Teachers’ Views on School Attendance, with a
Focus on Tardiness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041430
Zerbini, G., van der Vinne, V., Otto, L. K. M., Kantermann, T., Krijnen, W. P.,
Roenneberg, T., & Merrow, M. (2017). Lower school performance in late
chronotypes: underlying factors and mechanisms. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 4385.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04076-y
34
35

Validated Questionnaire

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Validated Questionnaire

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

“The Impact of Tardiness on Academic Performance of Humanities and

Social Science Students”

A Senior High School Thesis Presented to the Faculty at

Cabuyao Institute of Technology

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Humanities and Social Science Strand

Almendral, Kiana Marie V.

Delmo, Eugene James F.

Malhacan, Bianca Mia S.

The Problem and its Background

Tardiness is an activity in which the participants fail to arrive at the scheduled

time. This behavior is most commonly understood or articulated in specific contexts,

situation where being late is elaborated. According to a study by Paz (2020),

tardiness is a habit of procrastination that may damage students' academic

performance since it interferes with their ability to attend important classes or

employees who are late for work meetings or seminars.

Humanities and Social Science, commonly known as HUMSS, is a Senior High

they must maintain a solid academic performance to maintain reasonable and

lessons and their socializing skills.

In conclusion, as a Humanities and Social Science student, one must maintain

around them and, most significantly, the future 'Humanista’.

Background of the Study

Tardiness is the act of being late, and it is a problem that everyone

School students at Cabuyao Institute of Technology.

Based on the research conducted by Vukovic (2017), globally, the

effects of tardiness on students’ learning performance result in the students

disrupt the learning of other students in their classes. Furthermore, according to

Abalaing et al. (2019), tardiness widely affects students' academic performance in

of tardiness on Cabuyao Institute of Technology students are no different. It can lead

to poor academic performance, failed accomplishments, a negative impact on the

student's future, and more.

Although many studies have been conducted on how tardiness affects

a student's academic performance, none have gone so far as to determine why a

According to the theory, behaviorism—also known as behavioral psychology—

results in conditioning or shaping one's identity, attitude, and conduct. Behaviorists

contend that how we respond to environmental stimuli dictates how we conduct

ourselves. Being late is one of the detrimental impacts of environmental behavioral

personal problems. According to Watson (1913), environmental and behavioral

their academic performances.

The Psychology of Laziness

Neel Burton M.D (2014) implies that a person is capable of performing an

desire to act morally or socially acceptable. According to this theory, procrastination

urgent. Procrastination is closely related to laziness and is most frequently observed

person's motivation is their family. If someone is lacking in this area, it will

environment may also lack motivation and be unmotivated as well.

this theory is concerned with improving a performer's performance, who, according

to the theory, is an individual or a group that works together to perform and

accomplish shared objectives. In specific contexts, such as academic or institutional

settings, a performer is an individual, but in other instances, a performer is a group

a student's academic capacity, such as their level of identity, and that as an

academic tasks. Moreover, the level of knowledge is an important factor in compiling

performance. Finally, personal factors can have an impact on academic performance.

impact on their academic performance.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Academic Performance among Humanities and Social Science Students. It contains

Social Science Students.

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, the researchers sought to answer the following questions:

School students in terms of:

2.1 Arriving at the class

2.2 Submitting Activities

3. What is the level of academic performance of Humanities and Social Science