In the name of God

Seminar (Ph.D. level) for

Advanced Rock Mechanics

Time Dependent Behavior of

Rocks

Supervisor:
Professor Mohammad Ghafoori
(Ph.D. in Engineering Geology – Rock Mechanics)

Faculty of Sciences
By:
Department of Geology
Engineer Mojtaba Rahimi Shahid
(Ph.D. Candidate of Engineering Geology)

December 2018
1
 Time Dependent Behavior of Rocks In
tr
od
uc
The strength of intact rock and the rock mass is time-dependent. tio
n
2 For intact rock experimental verification is available.
For the rock mass the scale of time-dependence is a matter of judgement.
By:
M. Rahimi Shahid Rock mass classifications do however emphasize the effect of time on tunnel stability.

Introduction

Rheology

Creep
Just as the result of a force on a rigid mass is motion, so the result of a stress on a deformable mass is
strain.
Discussion
Rigid body mechanics is relatively easy and can be described by Force = mass x acceleration.
Deformable mass mechanics is not so simple, and there is no general equation that describes deformation
Conclusion other than s = f(e)
 Time Dependent Behavior of Rocks In
tr
od
uc
tio
3 n

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
 4 Rheology

Time Dependent
Behavior
Rheology : the functional relationship between stress and strain.
of Rocks
Just as the result of a force on a rigid mass is motion, so the result of a stress on a
By: deformable mass is strain.
M. Rahimi Shahid
Rigid body mechanics is relatively easy and can be described by Force = mass *
acceleration.

Rheology is not so simple, and there is no general equation that describes

deformation other than: s = f(e)

Introduction
Compression, tension and shear
forces stress the rocks, causing
Rheology them to strain i.e. “give”.

Creep

Units of Stress = Force / Area

Discussion
Convergent Divergent Transform
Conclusion
 5 Relationship Between Stress and Strain

Time Dependent
Rubber Band
Behavior
of Rocks
Strain can be a change in shape (a deformation) due to an applied stress
By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

At low Temps and Pressure or Sudden Stress

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion
Under high Temps or Pressure

Conclusion
 6 Creep regimes
Viscoelastic behavior
Rheologic Behavior Elastic behavior
Time Dependent
Behavior Viscous types of behavior Elastico-viscous behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Creep curve

Three creep regimes:

1) Primary or transient creep: strain rate
decreases with time following rapid initial
accumulation
2) Secondary or steady state creep: strain
accumulation is linear with time
Introduction
3) Tertiary or accelerated creep: strain rate
increases with time.
Rheology

Creep

Discussion
Removing stress in steady state creep.
1) Drop in strain
Conclusion 2) Permanent strain remains
 7
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
 8
Viscous behavior

Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
 9
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
10 Rheology

Time Dependent Determination of the functional relationship σ =f(e) must be done experimentally and
Behavior that sub-discipline is called Rock Mechanics.
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Design of triaxial compression testing equipment is shown at

left.
Tress is increased vertically by hydraulic jack.
Confining stress on sides is produced independently by fluid
pressure.
Pore pressure (fluid pressure in pore space) is produced the
Introduction
by using the natural fluids (water, petroleum).
Temperature is also controlled.
Rheology

Vertical stress on the specimen is calculated knowing the

Creep force on the piston and the area of the specimen top. Here
vertical stress is usually the maximum stress (σ1)

Discussion Stress on the side of the specimen is the same as the

confining fluid pressure. Since the two side stresses cannot
be controlled independently, σ2 = σ3.
Conclusion
11 Triaxial compression testing

Time Dependent
In order to graph the results on a 2-D stress-strain graph. “differential” stress is plotted
Behavior against strain. Dσ = σ1 – σ3
of Rocks
This is equivalent to the diameter of the Mohr graph. The greater the differential stress, the
By: bigger the Mohr circle, and the greater the amount of possible shear stress.
M. Rahimi Shahid
Pore pressure, due to water or petroleum in the pore
spaces, greatly effects deformation because it subtracts
from the loads on the rock. Deformation is produced by
“effective stress”
σ e1 =σ 1-σ p

σ e2 =σ 2-σ p

σ e3 =σ 3-σ p

Introduction Strain is measured by the displacement of the piston

(Dl). Knowing the original length of the specimen (lo),
finite (accumulated) strain is calculated.
Rheology
Finally, rate of strain must be controlled because it has a
profound affect on the way rocks deform. So the
Creep displacement of the piston (Dl), must be timed (Dt).

Discussion d  / t
  
dt o
Conclusion
12 Results of triaxial compression testing

Time Dependent
Up to point A, the graph is linear, and if the
Behavior load is removed, the strain is recovered and
of Rocks goes back to zero. This type of deformation is
called “Elastic”.
By:
M. Rahimi Shahid
The elastic limit at point A is called the yield
strength, and at greater stress the curve is no
longer linear. At point B, the load was
removed, but the strain does not return to 0
because the elastic limit was exceeded. The
specimen has about ½% permanent, or ductile,
strain, about the same amount as from point A
to B.
Primary creep would include the curve up to
point B or C.
Introduction The same specimen was reloaded assuming 0
strain at the start. The specimen again deforms Differential stress s1-s3 to strain graph
elastically until about point C, which is the new for limestone at a confining pressure of
Rheology
yield strength. The difference between A and C 103 MPa (that’s about 4.2 km below the
is called strain hardening – previous ductile surface ). Specimen was at room
Creep strain adds more resiliency to the rock. temperature

Continued loading produces more ductile strain from C to point D which is called
Discussion the peak (or ultimate) strength. That is the highest load the rock can bear.
This portion of the curve (from C-D) would be secondary creep.
Conclusion
13 Results of triaxial compression testing

Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid After the ultimate strength is reached (D), it
takes smaller and smaller loads to produce
strain (or the strain rate increases if the load is
kept constant) until the specimen ruptures
(fractures).
This is equivalent to Tertiary Creep.
Fracturing is called brittle behavior in contrast
to ductile.

Introduction
Differential stress s1-s3 to strain graph
Rheology for limestone at a confining pressure of
103 MPa (that’s about 4.2 km below the
surface ). Specimen was at room
Creep temperature

Discussion

Conclusion
14 Changing the confining stress – the effect of burial depth.

Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By: Depth
M. Rahimi Shahid
E

Deformation

Ultimate Strength

Rupture strength

Temperature Con.

Introduction

Rheology

Creep
Increasing the confining pressure and the mean stress, is like seeing how the
Discussion specimen would behave at deeper depths.
For crustal rocks conversion of depth to Pascals (Pa) is
Conclusion Pa ~ depth (in Meters) * 25000 or depth = Pa/ 25000
15 Different pore pressures

Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By: Pore pressures

M. Rahimi Shahid
E

Deformation

Ultimate Strength

Rupture strength

Temperature Con.

Introduction

Rheology

Creep
However, these 5 tests were run at different pore pressures sf under the same 200
Discussion MPa confining pressure sc. The effective confining pressure P*c, = sc – sf.

Conclusion
16
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Effect of temperature Effect of strain rate De/Dt

Rheology
Temperature De/Dt
E Con.
Creep E
Deformation
Deformation
Discussion Ultimate Strength
Ultimate Strength
Rupture strength
Conclusion Rupture strength
17
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks Review
By: If failure is considered as change in desired performance- which could involve changes in
M. Rahimi Shahid properties and/or shape; then failure can occur by many mechanisms as below.

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
18
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks Review
By:
M. Rahimi Shahid
Though plasticity by slip is the most important mechanism of plastic
deformation, there are other mechanisms as well (plastic deformation here
means permanent deformation in the absence of external constraints):

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
19
Time Dependent
Creep is phenomenological term, which is responsible for
Behavior Creep plastic deformation.
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Constant stress Creep

Permanent deformation
Increasing stress Plastic deformation

Harper-Dorn creep
Phenomenology
Creep can be classified based on Power Law creep
Introduction Mechanism

Rheology
Constant load (easier)
Creep tests can be carried out at
Creep
Constant stress

Discussion

Conclusion
20
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

To keep the stress constant, the instantaneous area has to

Rheology be taken into account.

Creep
If this is done, then the increasing strain rate part is not
observed. Note: if load is kept constant then in stage-III
Discussion the stress is actually increasing (for the material it is
stress which matters and not load).
Conclusion
21
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
22 Creep Mechanisms of crystalline materials
Stress

Temperature
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks Three kinds of mechanisms are operative in creep:

By: 1. Dislocation related, 2. Diffusional, 3. Grain boundary sliding

M. Rahimi Shahid

At high temperatures the grain boundary becomes weaker than the grain interior
and two grains can slide past one another due to shear stress.

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
23
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks Deformation Mechanism Map

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
24 Dislocation related mechanisms

Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Cross-slip

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
25 Diffusional creep

Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology
Grain boundary Sliding
Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
26 Analysis of time-dependent deformation in tunnels using the
Time Dependent
Convergence-Confinement Method
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
27
Ground Reaction Curve (GRC) and Longitudinal
Time Dependent Displacement Profile (LDP) calculations
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology
Fig. 1. The Ground Reaction Curve response of an elasto-plastic
material and its relation to the LDP. Y-axis on the left refers to the
Creep internal pressure (pi) normalized to the in-situ pressure (p 0), Y-axis
on the right refers to the distance from the face (x) normalized to
Discussion the tunnel radius (R) and X-axis refers to the radial displacement
at a location x normalized to the maximum radial displacement.

Conclusion
28
Analytical solutions for LDP calculation depending on the medium.

Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
29 Time-dependent formulation and rheological models
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
30 Time-dependent deformation in tunnelling
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
31
Combining the two effects in a Longitudinal Displacement
Time Dependent Profile (LDP)
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion
Longitudinal Displacement Profile (LDP) in an elasto-
Conclusion visco-elastic-plastic medium (see text for details).
32
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Longitudinal Displacement Profile (LDP) in an elasto-

Discussion
visco-elastic medium (see text for details).
Conclusion
33 Numerical analysis

Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
34
Parameters used for CVISC model.
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
35
Nomenclature and model runs in this study.
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
36 Comparison of numerical analysis with analytical solutions

Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

(Left) Numerical results (solid

Rheology lines) related to the analytical
solutions (as referenced) for the
elastic and the Kelvin Voigt
Creep model, (Right) closer
representation of the data for x
values of −15 < x < 25.
Discussion

Conclusion
37
KELVIN-VOIGT (KV),
Time Dependent investigating primary
Behavior
of Rocks
stage of creep

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

(Left) Numerical results of LDPs for the

drill and blast (DB) case of the KELVIN-
VOIGT (kV) analysis (the hours on the
legend denote hours per excavation
cycle), (Right) closer representation of the
data for x values of −6 < X < 12.

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
38
KELVIN-VOIGT (KV),
Time Dependent investigating primary
Behavior
of Rocks
stage of creep

By: (Left) Numerical results of LDPs for

M. Rahimi Shahid the TBM case of the KELVIN-
VOIGT (kV) analysis (the hours on
the legend denote hours per
excavation cycle), (Right) closer
representation of the data for x
values of −2 < X < 4.

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
39
Time Dependent
Behavior BURGERS (B), investigating
of Rocks primary and secondary stage of
By: creep
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology (Left) Numerical results of LDPs

for the drill and blast (DB) case of
the BURGERS (B) analysis (the
Creep hours on the legend denote hours
per excavation cycle), (Right) closer
representation of the data for x
Discussion values of −10 < X < 50.

Conclusion
40
BURGERS (B), investigating
Time Dependent primary and secondary stage of
Behavior
of Rocks creep
By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

(Left) Numerical results of LDPs

for the TBM case of the BURGERS
(B) analysis (the hours on the
legend denote hours per excavation
cycle), (Right) closer representation
of the data for x values of −10 < X <
50.
Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
41
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion Stress paths for the drill and blast case.

42
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Creep
Stress paths for the TBM case.
Discussion

Conclusion
43
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

(Left) Relating the deviatoric stress (q)

to the tunnel wall displacement
normalized to the maximum
displacement of the KELVIN-VOIGT
model (ur∞max) for the drill and blast
case (D & B), (Right) closer
representation of the data for x values
Introduction of −6 < X < 12.

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
44
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

(Left) Relating the deviatoric

stress (q) to the tunnel wall
Introduction displacement normalized to
the maximum displacement of
the KELVIN-VOIGT model
Rheology (ur∞max) for the TBM case,
(Right) closer representation of
the data for x values of −2 < X
Creep < 4.

Discussion

Conclusion
45
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

Introduction

Rheology

Predicted LDPs according to the tunnel data of radial displacement against distance
Creep
(modified after Barla, 2016).

Discussion

Conclusion
46 Conclusion
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks

By:
M. Rahimi Shahid

(Left) LDPs for the drill and blast

(DB) and TBM case of the
KELVIN-VOIGT (kV) analysis
related to the analytical solutions
(continued lines related to hours on
the legend denote hours per
excavation cycle), (Right) closer
representation of the data for x
values of −5 < X < 15.
Introduction

Rheology

Creep

Discussion

Conclusion
47 Conclusion
Time Dependent
Behavior
of Rocks In this regard, an overview of the conventional methods used to predict the
By:
Longitudinal Displacement Profile of the radial displacements was
M. Rahimi Shahid presented and the limitations were highlighted.

For this purpose, numerical analyses were performed where the

displacement is both a function of time and the excavation advancement.

More specifically, a parametric axisymmetric study was employed taking

into consideration both effects (tunnel advancement and time) where three
Introduction sets of models with different visco-elastic parameters were investigated
under different conditions.
Rheology
The excavation method also controls the overall displacement as discussed.
Creep
Different results may assist the selection of utilizing drill and blast over a
Discussion TBM excavation if it is proven to be financially affordable.

Conclusion
 Dedicated to

Ali bin Mousa al-Reza

Thanks to
Engineer Asieh Hamidi
(Ph.D. Candidate of Engineering Geology)

&

Best Wishes Thank you

M. Rahimi Shahid

2018
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