Database Administration & Management

Lecture: 02
Database Concepts
Farhad Muhammad Riaz
University Institute of Information Technology (UIIT)

Farhad.ssscb.bscs@gmail.com
 Integrity constraints
 Entity Integrity
 Domain Integrity
 Referential integrity
 Insertion rule
 We cannot enter value in child without entering in parent/ owner
 Deletion rule
 We cannot delete value from parent without deleting from child
 Cardinality in database
 Null/ optional
 Mandatory
Example Database
How to create table in Oracle
CREATE TABLE schema_name.table_name (
column_1 data_type column_constraint,
column_2 data_type column_constraint,
...
table_constraint
);
 
Example
 
CREATE TABLE ot.persons(
person_id NUMBER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(person_id)
dept_id NUMBER , -- fk
CONSTRAINT fk_Department_persons FOREIGN KEY( dept_id )
REFERENCES department( dept_id )
ON DELETE CASCADE
);
 
 
CREATE TABLE ot.Department(
dept_id NUMBER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY,
dept_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
dept_loc VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(dept_id)
);
 
Data/Database Administration
 Data Administration
 a high-level function that is responsible for the overall management of data
resources in an organization, including maintaining corporate-wide
definitions and standards
 headed by a data administrator (DA)
 a senior-level manager selected from within the organization rather than a technical
computer expert
 requires high level of both managerial and technical skills
 Database Administration
 a technical function that is responsible for physical database design and for
dealing with technical issues such as security enforcement, database
performance, and backup and recovery
 Database administrator (DBA) in charge
 requires broad technical background; managerial skills also critical
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Data Administration Functions
 Data policies, procedures, standards
 Policies: e.g., “Every user must have a password”
 Procedures: e.g., backup and recovery procedures
 Standards: e.g., naming conventions
 Planning
 understand the information requirements of the organization and be able to
contribute to the development of the information architecture
 Data conflict resolution
 resolve data ownership issues
 Internal marketing of data standards
 reduce resistance to change and data ownership problems
 Managing the information repository
 contains the metadata
 used by users, CASE tools, applications, DBMS
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Database Administration Functions

 Selection of hardware and software

 Installing and upgrading the DBMS
 Tuning database performance
 Improving database query processing performance
 Managing data security, privacy, and integrity
 Data backup and recovery

Note: Vast majority of time spent by DBA are on tuning database performance
and improving database query processing time.
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WHAT IS DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR ?

A database administrator is a person responsible for the

• installation
 configuration
 upgradation
 administration
 monitoring and maintenance of databases.
Primary Roles Of DBA
 Database design
 Database accessibility
 Performance issues
 Capacity issues
 Data replication
 Table Maintenance
WHY DBA IS POPULAR ?
 Data is essential for the operation of any organization.
 Database are created to organize these data.
 Better the design and utility of database, the better is the
organization.
 For a better database, we need a skilled database administrator
to manage data properly.
SKILLS REQUIRED

 Knowledge of Structured Query Language.

 Database designing.
 Understanding of distributed computing architectures.
 Knowledge of underlying operating system
e.g. Windows Server 2003, Solaris, etc.
 Knowledge about the RDBMS itself e.g. Microsoft SQL Server,
Oracle, etc.
 Ready to face challenges and solve them quickly.
Hierarchical Level Of DBA’s
 Data Analysts/Query designers
 Junior DBA
 Midlevel DBA
 Senior DBA
 DBA consultant
 Manager/Director of Database Administration.
DBA Functional Organization