Artificial Intelligence 3451

UNIT: 03
Knowledge Representation
Lecture: 06

Farhad Muhammad Riaz

Knowledge Based Agents in AI
 Knowledge is the basic element for a human brain to
know and understand the things logically.
 When a person becomes knowledgeable about something,
he is able to do that thing in a better way.
 In AI, the agents which copy such an element of human
beings are known as knowledge-based agents.
What is Logic
 Logic is the key behind any knowledge.
 It allows a person to filter the necessary information from
the bulk and draw a conclusion.
 In artificial intelligence, the representation of knowledge
is done via logics.
Components of logic
 There are three main components of logic
 Syntax: 
 It is the sequence of a specific language which should be followed in order to form
a sentence. Syntax is the representation of a  language. Every language has its own
syntax. For example, ax2+bx+c is a well-formed syntax of a quadratic equation.
 Semantics: 
 The sentence or the syntax which a logic follows should be meaningful. Semantics
defines the sense of the sentence which relates to the real world.
 For example, Indian people celebrate Diwali every year. This sentence represents
the true fact about the country and its people who are Indians. Therefore, the
sentence is syntactically as well as semantically correct.
 Logical Inference: 
 Inference means to infer or draw some conclusions about some fact or a problem.
Logical inference is thinking all the possible reasons which could lead to a proper
result. Inference algorithms are used to perform logical inference.
Types of Knowledge
Types of Knowledge
 Meta Knowledge: 
 It is the information/knowledge about knowledge.
 Heuristic Knowledge: 
 It is the knowledge regarding a specific topic.
 Procedural Knowledge: 
 It gives information about achieving something.
 Declarative Knowledge:
  It is the information which describes a particular object and its
attributes.
 Structural Knowledge: 
 It describes the knowledge between the objects.
Knowledge-based agents
 So far we have studied about intelligent agents which acquire
knowledge about the world to make better decisions in the real world.
 Knowledge-based agent uses some task-specific knowledge
 A knowledge-based system comprises of two distinguishable features
which are:
 A Knowledge base
 An Inference Engine

 Knowledge base:
  A Knowledge base represents the actual facts which exist in the real world. It is the central component
of a knowledge-based agent. It is a set of sentences which describes the information related to the
world.
 Note: Here, a sentence is not an English language sentence, but it is represented in a language known
as Knowledge representation language.
 Inference Engine: 
 It is the engine of a knowledge-based system which allows to infer new knowledge in the system. to
solve a problem efficiently.
Actions of an agent
 When there is a need to add/update some new information or sentences
in the knowledge-based system, we require an inference system.
 Also, to know what information is already known to the agent, we
require the inference system.
 The technical words used for describing the mechanism of the inference
system are: TELL and ASK.
 When the agent solves a problem, it calls the agent program each time. 
 The agent program performs three things:
 It TELLS the knowledge base what it has perceived from the environment.
 It ASKS the knowledge base about the actions it should take?
 It TELLS the action which is chosen, and finally, the agent executes that
action.
The details of the knowledge representation language are abstracted under these three
functions. These functions create an interface between the two main components of an
intelligent agent, i.e., sensors and actuators.
 MAKE-PERCEPT-SENTENCE()
 This function returns a sentence which tells the percieved
information by the agent at a given time.
 MAKE-ACTION-QUERY()
 This function returns a sentence which tells what action the
agent must take at the current time.
 MAKE-ACTION-SENTENCE()
 This function returns a sentence which tells an action is selected
as well as executed.
Levels of a Knowledge-based agent
 Knowledge Level: 
 In this level, the behavior of an agent is decided by specifying the following
:
 The agent’s current knowledge it has percieved.
 The goal of an agent.
 Implementation Level: 
 This level is the physical representation of the knowledge level. Here, it is
understood that “how the knowledge-based agent actually implements its
stored knowledge.”
 For example, Consider an automated air conditioner. The inbuilt
knowledge stored in its system is that “ It would adjust its
temperature according to the weather.” This represents the
knowledge level of the agent. The actual working and its adjustment
define the implementation level of the knowledge-based agent.
Approaches used to build a Knowledge-
based agent
 Declarative Approach: 
 Feeding the necessary information in an empty knowledge-
based system. Such type of approach is used to design a
knowledge-based system.
 The agent designer TELLS sentences to the empty system one
by one until the system becomes knowledgeable enough to deal
with the environment.
 Procedural Approach: 
 In this approach, knowledge is stored into an empty system in
the form of program code. It is a contrasting approach to the
declarative approach.
 It designs the behavior of the system via coding.
Knowledge Representation in AI
 The knowledge that is stored in the system is related to the
world and its environment.
 It is stored in the system to prepare these systems to deal
with the world and solve complex problems in a better
way.
Ontological Engineering
 A machine sounds like an empty box unless it is encoded with some
features or information. 
 Therefore, to make it a valuable machine, it is required to put the
necessary knowledge in it.
 So that it could understand it and is able to take the right decisions.
 There are three factors which are put into the machine,  which makes
it valuable:
 Knowledge: 
 The information related to the environment is stored in the machine.
 Reasoning: 
 The ability of the machine to understand the stored knowledge.
 Intelligence:
  The ability of the machine to make decisions on the basis of the stored information.
Properties of a Knowledge Representation
system
 Representational Adequacy:
 It is the ability of the system to represent all kinds of knowledge needed in
a specific domain.
 Inferential Adequacy: 
 It is the ability of a knowledge representation system to manipulate the
current stored knowledge so that newly gained knowledge could be added.
 Inferential Efficiency: 
 It is the ability of the system to directly add new knowledge in the system
with efficiency
 Acqusistional Efficiency: 
 It is the ability of the system to automatically acquire new knowledge from
the environment. This leads the system to give more productive result as
more knowledge adds up with the current knowledge.
Techniques used for Knowledge
Representation