Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fi SU U l
2
Fv SU
l
• U = velocity of object relative to the fluid; l = object length;
S = surface area; µ = dynamic viscosity; p = object density
• High Re values are associated with dense, fast and long
(streamline) objects.
Plankton Nekton
Viscosity Inertia
Molecular Diffusion:
• Water molecules move constantly
in a vibrating fashion, called J D
C1 C2
Brownian Motion.
• Browning Motion is increased by
x1 x2
increased temperature.
• Solutes in water also experience
Brownian Motion.
• Molecular diffusion it that solely
due to solute and solvent Brownian
Motion (expressed as the diffusion
coefficient at a given temperature;
D) and the solute concentration
gradient between two locations.
• The rate of molecular diffusion (J)
is expressed by Fick’s Law.
• Small organisms at low Re are
dependent on molecular diffusion.
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
• Laminar flow is unidirectional, turbulent flow is more chaotic.
• At larger spatial scales (high Re) flow is often turbulent. Eddies may
form. Solute diffusion becomes dominated by eddy transport for water
parcels, not solely molecular diffusion.
• At smaller spatial scales (low Re) flow is more often laminar, due to
the viscous force dampening turbulence.
• The transition between turbulent and laminar flow is called the flow
boundary layer.
Flow Boundary Layer Thickness:
• It ↓ with ↑ velocity.
• It ↓ with ↓ surface
roughness.
• It ↓ with ↓ object
size.
• It ↓ with ↓ distance
from the upstream
edge of an object.
object
Relationships
between Re
and flow type.
• For any given object; lower
Re will translate to more
laminar flow.
• Re is lower when velocity
decreases.
• Flow is more laminar at
higher Re when the object is
streamline (long).
Fish Body Form Relates to
Swimming Ability, Habitat, and Niche
Colonial Diatom
Water Movement:
Convection vs Wind Waves