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Oxygen stripping in deaerator feed water: Condensation on spray droplets

Article  in  Heat and Mass Transfer · June 2010

DOI: 10.1007/s00231-010-0610-x

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Heat Mass Transfer (2010) 46:665–673
DOI 10.1007/s00231-010-0610-x

ORIGINAL

Oxygen stripping in deaerator feed water:

condensation on spray droplets
K. V. Sharma • K. V. Suryanarayana •
P. K. Sarma • V. Dharma Rao • T. Subramanyam

Received: 15 August 2009 / Accepted: 28 April 2010 / Published online: 21 May 2010
Ó Springer-Verlag 2010

Abstract Deaerator is used to remove oxygen from boiler List of symbols

feed-water. Experiments with deaerator indicate that the A Surface area of both sheet and droplets, m2
droplet diameter decreases with increasing the mass flow Ad Surface area of droplets, m2
rate of water and the increasing deaerator pressure leads to Ao Area of cross section for nozzle orifice, m2
increase in heat and mass transfer coefficients. The mass As Surface area of sheet on both sides, p(RO ? RI)S,
transfer coefficients are found to increase with increasing m2
the deaerator pressure, the independent of length and the CA Concentration of oxygen, kg/m3
oxygen concentration in inlet water. CP Specific heat, J/kg K
d Droplet diameter, m
DL Diffusion coefficient or diffusivity of oxygen in
water, m2/s
DN Nozzle diameter, m
On lien from the Centre for Energy Studies, JNTUH College of
F Parameter defined  in Eq. 9 
3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Engineering, Hyderabad, India. FN Flow number, m = s N=m2
K. V. Sharma (&)
Fom Mass transfer analog Fourier number, DLt/d2
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, g Local acceleration of gravity,
 m/s 2
26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia g d 3 ðqL qV Þ qL
Grd Grashof number, qL lL .
e-mail: kvsharma@ump.edu.my
2
h Heat transfer coefficient, W/m K
K. V. Suryanarayana Hfg Latent heat of condensation, J/kg
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Ja Jacob number, CPL(TS - Ti)/Hfg
Sri Venkateswara Engineering College,
Suryapet 508213, India kL Mass transfer coefficient, m/s
e-mail: kagita_surya@yahoo.com L Height or length, m
LB Break up length of liquid sheet, m
P. K. Sarma
m Mass flow rate of water, kg/s
International Director, GITAM University,
Visakhapatnam 530045, India mC Mass flow rate of condensate, kg/s
e-mail: sarmapk@yahoo.com PD Deaerator pressure, N/m2
DP Pressure drop across the nozzle, N/m2
V. Dharma Rao
q Parameter defined in Eq. 10
Department of Chemical Engineering,
A.U College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam 530003, India r Time dependent radius of the droplet, m
e-mail: vdharmarao@yahoo.com r0 Radius of the droplet at time zero, m
r? Dimensionless variable radius of the droplet, r/r0
T. Subramanyam
RI Inner radius of sheet, RO - ds, m
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
A.U College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam 530003, India RO Outer radius of sheet, S 9 sin /, m
e-mail: tsmanyam@gmail.com Red Droplet Reynolds number, dVN/tV

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666 Heat Mass Transfer (2010) 46:665–673

ReN Reynolds number of nozzle, 4m/pDNlL the nozzle forms a conical sheet at the nozzle outlet, breaks
S Slant height, LB/cos /, m into ligaments and finally changes into droplets due to
Sc Schmidt number, tL/DL destabilizing forces. The flow of liquid can be separated
Sh0 Initial Sherwood number into two distinct regions, viz., a continuous liquid sheet
Shd Sherwood number of the droplet, kL,dd/DL region followed by droplet region.
t Residence time, s Kronig and Brink [1] proposed a theoretical model for
T Temperature, K the estimation of droplet heat transfer coefficient. They
TAV Fluid properties evaluated at the average assumed the droplet at a mean temperature in circular
temperature, (To ? Ti)/2 K motion and stated that theoretical estimates are in good
mA Molecular volume of oxygen, m3/kmol agreement with the experimental data. Kroger and
VN Velocity of liquid through the nozzle, m/s Rohsenow [2] conducted an experimental and analytical
vs Sheet volume, m3 study of potassium vapors condensing in the presence of
We Weber number, qLV2NDN/r non-condensable gases. They concluded that molecular
X(t) Concentration at any time t, expressed in kg of diffusion as to be a major contributor for condensation in
solute/109 kg of solvent comparison to thermal diffusion. Steinberger and Treybal
X Mass fraction of O2 in water, ppb [3], considering both natural and forced convention phe-
nomena valid for single spheres, immersed in bounded and
Greek symbols free jet streams of gasses and liquids for a wide range of
a Thermal diffusivity, m2/s Reynolds and Schmidt numbers have developed an empir-
b Coefficient defined in equation (10) ical relation for the estimation of mass transfer coefficient.
s? Dimensionless time, 2 a t/d2 Ford and Lekic [4] developed an equation for the
t Kinematic viscosity, m2/s evaluation of liquid droplet diameter due to condensation
/ Half the cone angle of steam. Brounshtein et al. [5] solved the problem of
ds Sheet thickness, m condensation of saturated vapor on liquid droplets during
l Viscosity, kg/ms its asymptotic growth. El-Genk and Cronenberg [6] solved
q Density, kg/m3 the problem of one-dimensional transient heat conduction
r Surface tension, [60.3 - 0.166(Ti - 273.15)]10-3 of a spherical droplet involving change of phase. Rao and
N/m Sarma [7] carried out theoretical analysis by integral
Subscripts method and obtained a solution for the estimation of
A Oxygen or non-condensable gas droplet size due to condensation.
AV Average Hijikata et al. [8] conducted a combined experimental and
C Condensate analytical study of direct-contact condensation of vapor on
con Condensation falling droplets. Chung and Ayyaswamy [9, 10] investigated
d Droplet analytically the condensation heat and mass transfer on a
i Inlet moving droplet with internal circulation in the presence of
I Inner non condensable gas. Sundararajan and Ayyaswamy [11]
L Liquid carried out experimental studies on the effect of residence
N Nozzle time on condensation parameter and observed the conden-
o Outlet sation parameter to decrease with increase in time and
O Outer droplet size. Jie and Ayyaswamy [12] presented an improved
s Sheet correlation for the estimation of average condensation heat
S Saturation transfer coefficients on moving droplets in the diameter
V Vapor range of 500 and 600 lm in the presence of non-condensable
0 Approach or initial value or nozzle exit condition gas. Celata et al. [13] conducted experiments on direct
contact condensation of steam on water droplets of size
ranging from 300 to 2,800 lm and obtained higher values of
heat transfer coefficient than that predicted by pure con-
1 Introduction duction and internal circulation models.
Takahashi et al. [14] studied the mechanism of conden-
Sprays are used in the Pressurized Water Reactors to sation from spray nozzle both theoretically and experimen-
control pressure, emergency core cooling of Boiling Water tally. They concluded from their analysis that turbulence
Reactors, direct contact condensers, geothermal power model predicted heat transfer closer to experimental data in
plants, combustion systems, etc. The liquid emerging from the first zone than the pure conduction model. Lee and

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2010) 46:665–673 667

Tankin [15] undertook theoretical and experimental analysis 2. Diffusion process occurs under non-isothermal condi-
using a spray nozzle in a condensable environment and tion i.e. the major resistance for diffusion is within the
developed a correlation for the estimation of breakup length droplet and the resistance decreases as the temperature
in terms of Weber and Jakob numbers. Mayinger and Chavez of droplet increases.
[16] conducted experiments on the growth of sub-cooled 3. The resistance for diffusion of gas from the interface to
droplets in pure saturated vapors employing pulsed laser steam is negligible.
holography technique. They obtained high heat transfer
The determination of droplet size and hence the number
coefficients in both sheet and droplet regions.
of droplets can be predicted if the sheet or breakup length is
The reason for the high values of heat transfer coefficient
known. Using the empirical relation of Lee and Tankin
is stated either due to pure conduction/internal circulation/
[15] the sheet length is estimated which is dependent on
oscillation/turbulence of the droplet. The estimation of
nozzle flow area, Weber and Jacob numbers
condensation heat transfer coefficient by inducting non-
condensable gas into the vapor region has been analysed by LB h 2
i
pffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ C1 ðJaÞC2 eC3 ðWeC4 Þ ¼ C5 WeC6 ð1Þ
many. The theoretical and experimental studies in the Ao
droplet size range of 90–170 lm, estimation of the removal where C1 = 6.5, C2 = 0.7, C3 = 3 9 10-6, C4 = 475
of non-condensable gas, the influence of the length of the
deaerator, temperature and concentration of inlet water, flow If We \ 750, C5 = 2.5 and C6 = 0.30.
rate and their influence on heat and mass transfer coefficients If We [ 750, C5 = 350 and C6 = -0.45.
having application in the design and operation of deaerator From the geometry of triangles, the half cone angle / of
are considered as parameters of present analysis. Hence it is the nozzle and the breakup length LB known, the slant
proposed to study the underlying phenomenon subject to height S and the outer radius RO of the sheet can be esti-
these parameters. mated. The sheet thickness ds at the breakup length can be
estimated from continuity equation given by Takahashi
et al. [14] as
2 Fabrication of the experimental setup
m
ds ¼ ð2Þ
The experimental setup consists of a column of 150 mm 2pRO qL VN
dia and 450 mm long, a 200 L feed water storage tank, a For 2/ swirl cone angle of the nozzle, the slanting length is
pump for circulating water and a steam jacket for regu- calculated from the relation,
lating the feed-water inlet temperature before its entry into
S ¼ LB =Cosð/Þ ð3Þ
the deaerator. In the steam circuit a pressure regulator,
steam trap are connected to a buffer tank for removal of Using these values, the inner radius of the cone and thus
water droplets after expansion of steam in the pressure the sheet volume is estimated using the relation
regulator. A water bath of 25 L capacity with a copper coil   
Vs ¼ p R2O  R2I ds 3; m3 ð4Þ
immersed is provided for lowering the temperature of
sample water to less than 40°C before its entry into the To estimate the droplet diameter in terms of the operating
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) meter. Spacers of 200 and variables such as operating pressure, pressure drop across
300 mm are used to alter the length of the deaerator col- the nozzle and flow rate, the empirical relation of
umn. The process and instrumentation diagram of the Dombrowski and Munday [17] is used and given by
experimental setup is shown as Fig. 1.
FN 0:209 ðlL =qL Þ0:215
d ¼ 0:0134 ð5Þ
ðDPÞ0:348
3 Experimental analysis
where FN ¼ 2:08  106 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
m ffiand DP is the pressure
qL PD =1000
The objective of the present analysis is to estimate the drop across the nozzle. From Eqs. 4 and 5, the number of
quantity of oxygen diffusing from the solvent water. It is droplets N formed can be estimated from the relation
formulated information as the one related to diffusion of
oxygen from the droplet centre to its surface. In the formu- 6vs
N¼ ð6Þ
lation of the present problem the following assumptions are pd3
made: The surface area of the N droplets is given by
1. The configuration of droplet is a perfect sphere. Ad ¼ Npd2 ð7Þ

123
668 Heat Mass Transfer (2010) 46:665–673

VENT TT3 P3

MV
SRV
P2

MV
SRV F

SPRAY LENGTH, L
VENT
DEAERATOR

DLPR MV TT1
P1 FCV-2
FCV-1 MV
SURGE
TANK SRV
STEAM FROM
PRDS MV
MV DRAIN

MV
TT2
MV
CV

WATER WATER
OUTLET STORAGE
MV TANK
MV
DO MV
METER
MV PUMP
WATER INLET DRAIN
WATER BATH

Slanting
Nomenclature Length, S Breakup
length, L B
CV : Check Valve
DLPR : Dome Loaded Pressure
Regulator Inner radius, R I
DO : Dissolved Oxygen Meter
F : Flow Meter 2φ
FCV : Flow Control Valve
MV : Manual Valve Outer
P : Pressure Gauge Radius, R O
PRDS : Pressure Reducing &
Distribution System
SRV : Safety Relief Valve
TT : Temperature Transmitter

Config. No 01 02 03 04 SPRAY

L 0.4 1.0 1.5 2.1

Fig. 1 Process and instrumentation diagram of deaerator experimental set-up

The total surface area for the estimation of heat transfer The coefficient b is related to dimensionless time s? as
coefficient is the sum of the areas of sheet and droplets 
1 1
given by b ¼ þ ln ð10Þ
s q
A ¼ As þ Ad ð8Þ where
The theoretical estimation of droplet size due to 6 nX¼1
1  2 2 þ
condensation has been derived by Rao and Sarma [7] as q¼ exp n p s
p2 n¼1 n2
r þ ¼ rcon
þ
=E ð9Þ
Thus Eq. 9 with the aid of Eq. 10 provides an explicit
þ 1=3 1=3
where rcon ¼ ðJa þ 1Þ ; E ¼ ½1 þ Ja expðbsþ Þ : expression for the estimation of droplet radius, r? The

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2010) 46:665–673 669

mass flow rate of the condensate can be estimated by using deaerator on the percentage of oxygen stripped, mass flow
energy balance relation rate of deaerator water, condensation heat and mass
CPL ðTS  Ti Þm transfer coefficients have been determined experimentally
mC ¼ ð11Þ for various operating conditions.
Hfg
The condensation heat transfer coefficient is evaluated with
the equation 4 Results and discussion
Hfg mC
hcon ¼ ð12Þ The influence of mass flow rate of deaerator water on
A ð TS  Ti Þ
droplet diameter for different operating conditions is
By using the component continuity equation the mass shown in Fig. 2. The droplet diameter decreases with the
transfer coefficient is estimated increase of mass flow rate of water and increases with the
p 3 dXðtÞ increase of (DP/PD). Jacob number Ja, defined as the ratio
d qL ¼ kL;d CA pd2 ð13Þ of sensible heat transfer to water to that of the latent heat of
6 dt
condensation, decreases with the increase of inlet water
The inlet concentration of oxygen CA is related to the bulk
temperature. However, there is no significant effect of inlet
density of inlet water and mass fraction of the dissolved
water temperature Ti on the droplet diameter as can be
oxygen given by
observed from the lines 1a and 3a drawn in Fig. 2. It can be
CA ¼ qL X ð14Þ observed from Fig. 2 that an increase in the value of
(Ja/We) increases the droplet diameter.
Further, for the evaluation of X(t) from Eq. 13 the mass
The breakup length calculated with the Eq. 1 of Lee and
transfer coefficient kL,d should be known priority. For flow
Tankin [15] with flow rate of the deaerator water is shown
past a single sphere, the mass transfer coefficient under
in Fig. 3. It can be observed that the breakup length
forced and free convective conditions is given by the well
increases initially and decreases thereafter. The curve in
established dimensionless equation of Steinberger and
Fig. 3 indicates a small effect on the breakup length as PD
Treybal [3] is valid in the range 0.6 \ Scd \ 4,000,
changes at a fixed temperature and mass flow rate of
1.8 \ Red \ 6 9 105
 0:62 deaerator water. Similar trends can be observed from the
Shd ¼ Sh0 þ 0:347 Red Sc0:5 d ð15Þ experimental data of Mayinger and Chavez [16] conducted
with R113 and shown in inset of Fig. 3. The breakup length
The initial Sherwood number Sh0 can be evaluated by parameter increases with the mass flow rate of water or up
using the relation to Weber number of 800 and decreases thereafter as shown
Sh0 ¼ 2 þ 0:569ðGrd Scd Þ0:25 for Grd Scd \108 in Fig. 4. The present experimental data is in close agree-
ment with the data of Lee and Tankin [15] conducted with
Sh0 ¼ 2 þ 0:0254ðGrd Scd Þ0:333 Sc0:244
d for Grd Scd [ 108
different types and diameters of nozzles.
ð16Þ
Equation 13 can be rewritten with the aid of Eq. 14 and
Eq. 15 as
dX ðtÞ Shd DL XðtÞ
¼ 6 ð17Þ
dt d2
   
where DL ¼ 7:481  1016  TAV = lL v0:6 A with the
initial condition at t = 0, X = Xi. The solution to Eq. 17
can be obtained as


XðtÞ Shd DL t
¼ exp 6 ¼ expf6½Shd  Fom g ð18Þ
Xi d2
where Fom ¼ DdL2t: The explicit Eq. 18 has been solved for
different input values of mass flow rate, length of the
deaerator, and inlet oxygen concentration and the results
compared with experimental data.
Experiments are conducted with four different lengths of
the first stage of the deaerator, the schematic diagram Fig. 2 Effect of mass flow rate of deaerator water on droplet
shown as Fig. 1. The effect of length and pressure of the diameter for different operating conditions

123
670
Fig. 3 Effect of mass flow rate on break up length for different
operating pressures
Fig. 4 Sheet breakup length parameter as a function of Weber
number
The non dimensional droplet radius estimated with
Eqs. 9 and 10 of Rao and Sarma [7] at the exit of the
deaerator and that calculated from experiments by using
energy balance Eq. 11 is shown plotted in Fig. 5. The close
agreement between the two estimates varying by less than
2%, ensures the reliability of the present experimental data.
The condensate flow rate increases with the increase of the
mass flow rate of water and pressure as shown in Fig. 6.
The effect of the increase of deaerator length is to enhance
the residence time and hence the higher flow rates of
condensation can be expected.
The effect of flow rate of deaerator water on conden-
sation heat transfer coefficient for different deaerator
pressures and lengths is shown in Fig. 7. The heat transfer
coefficients are estimated with energy balance equation one
considering the area of droplets and the other with droplets
and sheet area in the calculations. Evidently the area is
higher when both droplet and sheet area are considered.
123
Heat Mass Transfer (2010) 46:665–673
Fig. 5 Comparison of dimensionless droplet radius between theory
and experiment at the exit of deaerator
Fig. 6 Influence of flow rate of water on condensate flow rate and
spray length
The heat transfer coefficients estimated with the combined
area are lower than with the consideration of droplets
alone.
The variation of concentration ratio with mass transfer
analog Fourier number for different Sherwood numbers is
shown plotted in Fig. 8. With increase in Sherwood num-
ber, the concentration ratio is found to decrease. It can be
seen that the mass transfer coefficient increases with the
increase of the mass flow rate of deaerator water, deaerator
pressure and spray length from Fig. 9. The increase of
temperature of inlet water is to enhance the mass transfer
coefficient as shown in Fig. 10. Figure 11 shows the vari-
ation of mass transfer coefficient at different deaerator
pressures with oxygen concentration in inlet water. There is
no significant change in mass transfer coefficients esti-
mated at various lengths of the deaerator, however the
Heat Mass Transfer (2010) 46:665–673 671

Fig. 10 Effect of inlet water temperature on mass transfer coefficient

at different deaerator lengths
Fig. 7 Comparison of heat transfer coefficients considering different
flow areas

Fig. 11 Effect of oxygen concentration in inlet water on mass

transfer coefficient at different operating conditions
Fig. 8 Variation of concentration ratio with mass transfer analog
Fourier number for different Sherwood numbers increase of pressure leads to increase the mass transfer
coefficient.
A comparison of experimental values of oxygen stripped
in percentage with that calculated with Eq. 18 is shown in
Fig. 12. The theoretical values are in satisfactory agree-
ment with the experimental values for the deaerator length
of 1.0 m. However, with increase in height of the deaera-
tor, the percentage of oxygen removal increases due to
higher temperatures attained by water.
The experimental data consisting of 113 values is sub-
jected to regression analysis and the equation developed for
the estimation of droplet diameter valid for the range of
parameters
PD
14;500\ReN \78;500; 0:1\ \1:75;
DP
We Ti
4;000\ \90;000; 0:74\ \0:87
Ja TS
Fig. 9 Effect of mass flow rate of deaerator water on mass transfer
coefficient at different operating conditions given by

123
672 Heat Mass Transfer (2010) 46:665–673

1. The effect of increase in mass flow rate is to increase

the number of droplets in the spray.
2. The breakup length increases with flow rate of water
up to 0.05 kg/s or Weber number We C 800 and then
decreases.
3. The increase in mass flow rate of water from 0.025 to
0.125 kg/s and deaerator pressure of 0.2 MPa reduces
the droplet diameter from 170 to 90 lm.
4. The decrease in droplet diameter from 170 to 90 lm
increase the heat transfer coefficient from 20,000 to
130,000 W/(K m2) considering both sheet and droplet
area.
5. A nonlinear regression equation developed can be used
for the estimation of droplet diameter in the experi-
mental range given by
 0:07374  0:0864  0:812
Fig. 12 Comparison of theoretical estimates of oxygen removed with 0:3722 PD We Ti
d ¼ 3;654ðReN Þ
experiment DP Ja TS

6. The decrease in size of the droplets from 170 to 90 lm

has enhanced the mass transfer from 0.0006 to
0.002 m/s.
7. The increase in steam pressure from 0.12 to 0.2 MPa
enhances the mass transfer coefficient by 22% for the
deaerator length of 2.1 m.
8. The variation of oxygen concentration in inlet water at
a particular pressure has no significant influence on
heat and mass transfer coefficients. In addition, it is
independent of spray length.

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