8.

7 Mutations TEKS 6E
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

KEY CONCEPT
Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not
affect phenotype.
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

MAIN IDEAS

• Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect

an entire chromosome.
• Mutations may or may not affect phenotype.
• Mutations can be caused by several factors.
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

WORDS TO KNOW

1. Mutation
2. point mutation
3. Substitution
4. frameshift mutation
5. Deletion
6. Addition/insertion
7. Inversion,
8. Mutagen
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect

an entire chromosome.
• A mutation is a change in an organism’s DNA.
• Many kinds of mutations can occur, especially during
replication.
• A point mutation substitutes one nucleotide for another.
– typically affect only one codon (unless they create a
premature stop codon).

mutated
base
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

Substitution is a Point Mutation

• substitution can be a
missense mutation where
the altered codon
corresponds to a different
amino acid. Or the
base substitution can be a
nonsense mutation where
the altered codon
corresponds to a stop
signal.
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

• Many kinds of mutations can occur, especially during

replication.
– A frameshift mutation inserts or deletes a nucleotide in
the DNA sequence.
– A frameshift mutation affects all the codons in a gene
that follow it.
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

Deletion is a Frameshift mutation

•  deletion mutation Deletions are
mutations in which a section of DNA is
lost, or deleted
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

Addition/Insertion is a Frameshift mutation.

• Addition/Insertion are mutations in

which extra base pairs are inserted into a
new place in the DNA
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

Chromosomal mutations affect many genes

• Chromosomal mutations may occur during crossing over

– Inversion occurs when a part of the chromosome breaks
off, flips around, and becomes reattached.
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

• Translocation results from the exchange of DNA segments

between nonhomologous chromosomes.
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

Mutations may or may not affect phenotype.

• Chromosomal mutations tend to have a big effect.
• Some gene mutations change phenotype.
– A mutation may cause a premature stop codon.
– A mutation may change protein shape or the active site.
– A mutation may change gene regulation.

blockage

no blockage
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

• Some gene mutations do not affect phenotype.

• A mutation may be silent.
• A mutation may occur in a noncoding region.
• A mutation may not affect protein folding or the active
site.
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

• Mutations in body cells do not affect offspring.

• Mutations in sex cells can be harmful or beneficial to
offspring.
• Natural selection often removes mutant alleles from a
population when they are less adaptive.
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

Mutations can be caused by several factors.

• Replication errors can cause

mutations.
• Mutagens, are agents in the
environment that can change DNA.
– such as UV ray and chemicals,
can cause mutations.
– may cause so much damage that
the repair enzymes cannot keep
up with the repairs.
• Some cancer drugs use mutagenic
properties to kill cancer cells.
 8.7 Mutations TEKS 6E

INDEPENDENT WORK 30-45 MINS

• Answer questions on the Class Notes Tab. Use

complete sentences.
• Define and add Images to Vocabulary Words
“Mutations”
• 5 Question Multiple Choice Quiz “Mutations”