BID300

3
 MAIN TOPICS

1. TRAFFIC VOLUME
2. SPEED STUDY
3. TRAVEL TIME STUDY
4. TRAFFIC DELAY
STUDY
5. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
STUDY
PARKING
STUDY
PEDESTRIAN
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

• TRAFFIC VOLUME IS DEFINED AS THE NUMBER OF

VEHICLE CROSSING A SECTION OF ROAD PER UNIT TIME
AT ANY SELECTED PERIOD. TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES ARE
CONDUCTED TO COLLECT DATA ON THE NUMBER OF
VEHICLES AND/OR PEDESTRIAN THAT PASS A POINT ON A
HIGHWAY FACILITY DURING A SPECIFIED TIME PERIOD.
TIME PERIOD VARIES FROM 15MINUTES TO 1 YEAR OR
EVEN MORE.
 OBJECTIVES

• TO DETERMINE OF VEHICLE COMPOSITION IN

TRAFFIC STREAM
• TO DETERMINE THE SERVICE FLOW RATE IN PCU
UNIT.
• TO ESTIMATE OF ADT BASED ON EXPANSION
FACTOR.
• TO DETERMINE THE DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION
(DD).
TO DRAW FLOW FLUCTUATION CURVES.
 SCOPE OF STUDY

• EFFECTIVENES OF A TRAFFIC CONTORL MEASURE

• TO CHECK EXISTING OPERATING SERVICE
CONDITION OF A ROADWAY SECTION
• PLANNING TRAFFIC OPERATION AND CONTROL OF
EXISTING FACILITY
• TO DESIGN INTERSECTION, SIGNAL TIMINGS AND
CHANNELIZATION STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PAVEMENT,
GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND RO
AY CAPACITY
 TYPES OF VOLUME STUDY

• AVERAGE ANNUAL DAILY

TRAFFIC (AADT)
• AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC (ADT)
• PEAK HOUR VOLUME (PHV)
• VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION (VC)
VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL (VMT)
 PARAMETERS

• TRAFFIC VOLUME = THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES

PASSING THE MEASUREMENT POINT DURING A
SPECIFIC TIME INTERVAL.
• DEMAND VOLUME = IS A MEASURE OF THE NUMBER OF
VEHILCES WAITING FOR SERVICE IN THE GIVEN TIME
PERIOD.
• CAPACITY = IS THE MAXIMUM NUMBER THAT CAN
REASONABLE BE EXPECTED TO BE SERVED IN THE
GIVEN TIME PERIOD.
 PC
U
• PCE: PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENT IS ESSENTIALLY THE
IMPACT THAT A
MODE OF TRANSPORT HAS ON TRAFFIC VARIABLES
(SUCH AS HEADWAY, SPEED, DENSITY) COMPARED
TO A SINGLE CAR
• PCU IS A VEHICLE UNIT USED FOR EXPRESSING
HIGHWAY CAPACITY UNIT.
 DAILY VOLUMES?

• A COMMON TRAVEL TIME INTERVAL FOR VOLUME IN A

DAY.

• DAILY VOLUMES ARE FREQUENTLY USED AS THE BASIS

FOR PLANNING
AND GENERAL OBSERVATION.
 WHAT DO YOU USED?
COMMONLY USED FOR DAILY VOLUME PARAMETERS.

AADT ADT
CALCULATE IN 24 HOUR OF A AVERAGE OF 24 HOUR COUNTS
DAY EVERYDAY OF THE COLLECTED OVER A NUMBER OF
YEAR. DAYS GREATER THAN 1 BUT
LESS THAN A YEAR.

x adjustment factor = AADT

 HOW TO CALCULATE
• TOTAL ANNUAL TRAFFIC AT = 290,800
YEAR 2017 VEH/YR.
SO, WHAT IS THE AADT FOR YEAR
AADT = 290,800/365 = 797, SAY 800 V/P/D (VEH PER
2017?
DAY)

• TOTAL TRAFFIC IN JANUARY 2017 = 19,800

SO, WHAT IS THE ADT FOR THAT MONTH
(MADT)?
ADT = 19,800/31 =
640 VPD
TERMINE MONTHLY ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR
JANUARY: 1.25 AADT/MADT = 800/640 = 1.25
 SOLVING PROBLEM
Month DETERMINE
Total Daily MONTHLY
Traffic ADT ADJUSTMENT
Monthly Adjustment Factor
January 19,800
February
March
August 30,000
October 26,400
Assumed AADT =
800
 SOLVING PROBLEM

ADT count taken on Tuesday in October

Daily Factor = 1.12
Monthly Factor = 0.94

AADT = 1000 (1.12)(0.94) = 1052.8 vpd

 WHAT IS PEAK HOUR
VOLUME?
• IT IS THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF VEHICLES THAT PASS A
POINT ON A HIGHWAY DURING A PERIOD OF 60
CONSECUTIVE MINUTES.
(VPH @ VEH/HR)
• VEHICLES CLASSIFICATION IS USED BASED ON TYPE OF
VEHICLES.
• VOLUME WILL BE EXPRESSED AS VEHICLES PER HOUR
(FLOW RATE)
THE FLOW RATE IS ALSO USED TO COUNT VEHICLES
FROM 15 MINUTES EXPAND TO 1 HOUR
HOUR FACTOR (PHF)
 HOURLY EXPANSION

• IT IS BASED ON THE FORMULA OF HOURLY EXPANSION

FACTORS THAT IS

HEF= TOTAL VOLUME OF 24 HOUR PERIOD/VOLUME FOR

PARTICULAR HOUR

IS CALCULATED AS AVERAGE TOTAL VOLUME FOR

WEEK/ AVERA UME FOR PARTICULAR DAY
 PEAK HOUR FACTOR
PHF = hourly volume divided by 4 x
volume in the peak 15 minutes
Sample;

Count Location 1
• Flow Rate = 200x4 = 800 vph
• PHF = 800/(4)(200) = 1.0

Count Location 2
• Flow Rate = 500x4 = 2000 vph
• PHF = 800/(4)(500) = 0.40
Interval Keret Motorsika Bas PCU phv
Masa Time a l Bu
Interval Car Motorcycl s
e
12.00-12.15 45 45 0 68 353
12.15-12.30 34 92 0 80 390
12.30-12.45 65 90 1 113 423
12.45-1.00 48 88 0 92 388
1.00-1.15 60 90 0 105 409
1.15-1.30 67 92 0 113
1.30-1.45 35 80 1 78
1.45-2.00 Value Passenger Car
67 Unit (PCU) Car: 1,92
Motorcycle: 0.5, Bus/Lorry
0 : 113
3

PHV = 113 + 92 + 105 + 113

= 423 / (4x113) = 0.936
Peak Hour Factor (PHF)
= 423 / 0.936 = 452
Actual Flow Rate pcu/hr
METHODS OF COUNTING
VOLUME

•MANUAL
•AUTOMATIC
MANUAL
COUNTER
BID300
3
 MANUAL

• MOST APPLICATIONS OF MANUAL COUNTS REQUIRE

SMALL SAMPLES OF DATA
• MANUAL COUNTS ARE USED WHEN THE EFFORT AND
EXPENSE OF AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT ARE NOT
JUSTIFIED
 AUTOMATIC RECORDING

• PORTABLE
COUNTERS
• PERMANENT
COUNTERS
• VIDEO RECORDING
 TYPES OF VOLUME
COUNTS
• CORDON COUNTS
VEHICLE AND PERSON SURVEYS THAT PROVIDE TIME SERIES DATA OF
TRAFFIC FLOW
ACROSS A GIVEN SET OF SCREEN-LINES.
• SCREEN LINE COUNTS
• A SCREEN LINE IS A GROUP OF COUNT STATIONS ALONG A
STRATEGICALLY PLACED IMAGINARY LINE. SUMMING TRAFFIC DATA
ALONG THIS LINE WILL INDICATE THE VOLUME OF TRAFFIC ENTERING
OR LEAVING PARTICULAR AREAS OF THE CITY. TRAFFIC ENGINEERS USE
SCREEN LINE INFORMATION TO DETECT CHANGES IN TRAVEL PATTERN
DUE TO GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT OR CHANGES IN LAND USE.
INTERSECTION COUNTS
 THE USE OF TRAFFIC VOLUME
STUDY
• PLANNING
• TRAFFIC OPERATION AND
CONTROL
• TRAFFIC PATTERN
• STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF
PAVEMENT
REGULATORY MEASURES
 TRAFFIC CAPACITY

• BASIC CAPACITY
• POSSIBLE CAPACITY
• PRACTICAL CAPACITY

IT IS THE STUDY OF TRAFFIC VOLUME AND

DENSITY.
 TRANSPORT MODEL

Trip
Generation Trip
distributio
n
Trip
assignmen
t Modal
split
TRIP GENERATION?
 TRIP DISTRIBUTION

Shopping

Origi Wor
n k

Schoo
l
 METHODS OF TRIP
DISTRIBUTION
• GROWTH FACTOR METHODS
ASSUME THAT IN THE FUTURE THE TRIP MAKING PATTERN
WILL REMAIN SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME AS TODAY BUT
THAT THE VOLUME OF TRIPS WILL INCREASE ACCORDING
TO THE GROWTH OF THE GENERATING AND ATTRACTING
ZONES
MOSTLY USED FOR SMALL TOWNS WHERE CHANGES IN
LAND USE IS UNCOMMON
BID300 31
3
 MODAL SHARE/SPLIT

Bu
s

Taxi

Naim car
 TRIP ASSIGNMENT
IS SELECTION OF ROUTES
FROM OD

Origi
n
BID300 34
3
 TRIP GENERATION

• TRIP GENERATION IS A TRANSPORT MODEL THAT AIMS AT PREDICTING

THE TOTAL NUMBER OF TRIPS PRODUCED IN THE ZONE AND ATTRACTED
BY IT FOR EACH ZONE OF THE STUDY AREA.
• > HOW MANY TRIPS ORIGINATE AT EACH ZONE?
• > HOW MANY SHOPPING TRIPS PER WEEK FOR THIS PERSON?

THERE ARE 3 MODELS COMMONLY USED IN TRIP

GENERATION THAT ARE REGRESSION MODELS
OSS-CLASSIFICATION
CRETE CHOICE MODELS
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPS

• TRIP PURPOSE. THERE ARE 5 TRIPS CATEGORIES THAT

ARE
• 1. TRIPS TO WORK
• TRIPS TO SCHOOL OR COLLEGE
• SHOPPING TRIPS
• SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL
TRIPS OTHER TRIPS
DATORY TRIPS USUALLY
CALL AS HOME BASIS AND
NON MANDAT
USUALLY CALL AS NON
HOME BASIS (BUSINESS
 TIME INFLUENCES

• TRIPS ARE OFTEN CLASSIFIED INTO PEAK AND OFF PEAK

PERIOD TRIPS.
• THE PROPORTION CAN BASED ON DIFFERENT PURPOSE
FOR EXAMPLE TO WORK AT PEAK HOUR IS 52% WHILE OFF
PEAK IS 12% OR SHOPPING AT PEAK HOUR IS 1.54% AND
OFF PEAK IS 11%.
• THIS ARE THE EXAMPLES OF TRIP CLASSIFICATIONS
 OTHER FACTOR
INFLUENCES
• INDIVIDUAL TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IS DEPENDENT ON
SOCIOECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES. FOR EXAMPLE ARE
INCOME LEVEL, CAR OWNERSHIP, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND
STRUCTURE.
• IN TRIP GENERATION MODELING, WE ARE ALSO
INTERESTED IN FREIGHT TRIPS. FACTORS INFLUENCE
SUCH ARE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, NUMBER OF SALES,
ROOFED AREA OF FIRM AND TOTAL AREA OF FIRM.
 REGRESSION ANALYSIS
MODEL
• REGRESSION METHODS IS USED TO ESTABLISH A
STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF
TRIPS PRODUCED AND THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE
INDIVIDUALS, THE ZONE AND THE TRANSPORTATION
NETWORK.
• SOFTWARE PACKAGES LIKE SPSS, TRANSCAD, MATLAB
AND EVEN SPREADSHEETS CAN BE USED TO DO LINEAR
REGRESSION ANALYSIS.
 MODAL SHARE

I need to make
decision! This is where
trip start
N
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