Nutritional Management for

GORD

Dr Abdel Rahman A Mokhtar

Professor Internist & Gastroenterolgist
Mansoura University
EGYPT
2016
 Historicaly
Our understanding of the
pathogenesis, clinical spectrum and
epidemiology of GORD has
continuously evolved.
 At first, reflux was synonymous with oesophagitis and
hiatus hernia.

Then, it was a motility disorder, defined by sphincter or

peristaltic dysfunction.

Next, it was an acid-peptic disorder.

Now, we see GORD emerging as a heterogeneous entity

encompassing elements of all these concepts
 These developments
prompted the formation
of an international
consensus conference,
resulting in the

‘Montreal definition’ of GORD.

Cowen, S. G. Therapeutic Categories Outlook (SG Cowen,2005)
 Epidemiological trends in GORD-related disorders.

While typical GERD symptoms are balanced between comparator groups, the distribution of
complications becomes progressively skewed in gender, geographic and racial distribution.

*GORD symptoms are similar between Western and Middle Eastern countries, but are lower in
Eastern countries.
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The earlier belief that increased gastro
esophageal reflux mainly results from
one dominant mechanism has been
replaced by acceptance that GORD is
multifactorial
| Possible gastroesophageal reflux disease pathophysiologies
 AT Cellular level :
Exposure of the oesophageal
wall to the refluxate results in :
a | An inflammatory response occurs in the squamous
epithelium, induced by the release of inflammatory
mediators, which
b | Leads to the subsequent chemoattraction and infiltration
of immune cells and is
c | Followed by the proliferative
response of the epithelium..
 Kandulski, A. & Malfertheiner, P. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9,
15–22 (2012);
So , it is not that simple
THREE ROLES
Body
weight
Gut
microbiot
a

Firing
foods
OBESITY
Gastroesophageal Pressure Gradients & GERD:
The Importance of Obesity

From de Vries DR et al. Am J

Gastroenterol 2008;103:1349-54.
Optimizing body weight is a must
GUT MICROBIOTA
The intestinal microbiota lies strategically at the interface of the internal and external
environment of the gut.

It plays several important biological roles including: aiding in digestion and absorption of
nutrients from partially digested food, production of SCFA – a primary energy source for
intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), stimulating immune responses by releasing ligands, and
protection against enteropathogens by production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
Factors affecting gut microbiota
Is dysbiosis of the upper-GI tract to blame for
esophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD) and it’s related conditions, Barrett’s
esophagus and adenocarcinoma?
Undoubtedly, we need to eradicate virulent H. pylori in
people with adverse clinical manifestations, but this
conclusion cannot be generalized to all H. pylori positive
subjects.
 For the past four years we’ve known
that individuals with GERD have imbalances in
the microbial ecology of the distal esophagus.

One consequence of this microbial shift is increased

levels of Gram-negative bacteria, which harbor on
their cell surface an inflammatory membrane
component known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
or endotoxin
Gut microbiota & esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Type1-microbiota (Gram-positive predominant) with H. pylori provides a neutral esophageal

environment. Type-II microbiota (Gram-negative predominant) with loss of H. pylori invokes a
pro-inflammatory state in two ways. First, loss of H. pylori allow for increased acid secretion
resulting in gastroesophageal reflux disease and its sequelae. Second, predominance of Gram-
negative bacteria upregulate the pro-inflammatory cascade due to the
interaction between lipopolysaccharide and Toll-like receptor 4.
Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology (2015) 6, e91; doi:10.1038/ctg.2015.16; published online 18 June 2015
Microbiota and its influence on obesity.
Probiotics, Prebiotics and Symbiotics

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which

confer health benefits to the host when taken in adequate
quantities.

Prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially

affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth
and/or activity of beneficial colonic bacteria.

Acombination of probiotics and prebiotics is termed symbiotics.

Various kinds of probiotics have been tested clinically as potential therapeutic

agents for both localized and systemic diseases.
Should dietary guidelines consider
microbiota needs ???
Potential therapeutic window
STOP Firing foods
It is a common belief that some foods may induce
or worsen GERD symptoms; in fact, in daily clinical
practice, this belief leads to advising patients to avoid
the suspect foods .

Further more, since GERD symptoms are most commonly

reported postprandially, the role of diet components in inducing
symptoms has been suggested.

However, different and conflicting results exist in the literature

for identifying the most “refluxogenic” foods
Festi etal.,World J Gastroenterol April 14, 2009
Dietary elements may ppt reflux episode via :

Increasing acid secretion e.g Coffee.

Decrease LOS pressure e.g peppermint & ess oils.
Slow gastric emptying e.g fatty food .
Impairing oesophageal motility e.g alcohol.
Triggering pain by irritating an already inflammed oesophageal
mucosa e.g Tomato , citrus , soft drinks and spicy food.
Foods Not Recommended
It is recommended that a trial of limiting or eliminating the following foods may
reduce the symptoms of GERD:
• Peppermint and spearmint
• Chocolate
• Alcohol
• Caffeinated beverages (regular tea, coffee, colas, energy drinks, other caffeinated
soft drinks)
• Decaffeinated coffee and decaffeinated regular tea (herbal teas, except those with
peppermint or spearmint, are allowed)
• Pepper
• High-fat foods, including:
o 2% milk, whole milk, cream, high-fat cheeses, high-fat yogurt, chocolate milk,
cocoa
o Fried meats, bacon, sausage, pepperoni, salami, bologna, frankfurters/hot dogs
o Other fried foods (doughnuts, french toast, french fries, deep-fried vegetables)
o Nuts and nut butters
o Pastries and other high-fat desserts
o More than 8 teaspoons of oil, butter, shortening per day
• Any fruits or vegetables that cause symptoms. (These will vary from person to
person.)
American Dietetic Association.
Other Lifestyle Tips
• Exercise at least three or four times each week.
• Wear loose-fitting clothes.
• Do not smoke.
• Raise the head of your bed 6 to 9 inches. You can put a foam wedge
under the top part of the mattress, or prop up the legs on the head of the
bed with wooden blocks. (Stacking pillows is not effective.)
• Wait 3 hours after eating before lying down.
• Eat several small meals throughout the day.
• Eat in a calm, relaxed place. Sit down while you eat.
To Conclude
 Avoid diets ppt
reflux episodes

Weight
control
Healthy
microbiota
Thank You