GEO DATA

SPATIAL EFFECTS

USE OF COMPUTER ANALYSIS

MODELS
SIMULATIONS

REQUIRES TIMELY AND QUALITY

GEOGRAPHIC AND STATISTICAL
INFORMATION FOR CLASSIFICATION &
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

ALL THESE NEED QUALITY /

TIMELY DATA 2
 SPATIAL EFFECTS

WHEN AN ACCIDENT OCCURS – THE

VEHICULAR TRAFFIC HAS TO BE DIVERTED
TO ANOTHER ROUTE RESULTING IN 40 mts
OF EXTRA TRAVEL TIME

WHEN A VISITOR COULD NOT LOCATE

YOUR HOUSE, AS YOUR NEW NAGAR IS
NOT REPRESENTED IN THE MAP

WHEN DRINKING WATER TASTE CHANGES

3
 •TO ANALYSE AND PRESCRIBE THESE SPATIAL
EFFECTS GOVERNMENT / PRIVATE AGENCIES USE
COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS, MODELS AND
SIMULATIONS.

THEY ALSO USE THEM TO DETERMINE, IMPLEMENT

AND EVALUATE PROVISIONS MADE BY
GOVERNMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT, PLANNING,
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION etc.

4
 GEO DATA

DATA RELATED TO EARTH (THE DATA

SHOULD BE IN DIGITAL SPATIAL DATA BASES –
GEODATA)

SOURCES OF GEODATA:

• EARTH ITSELF IS A SOURCE OF DATA

• INTERACTION BETWEEN EARTH & HUMAN
BEINGS
• INTERACTION OF VARIOUS NATURAL FORCES

5
 SEMANTICS OF MINI WORLD

SEMANTICS OF MINIWORLD AS REPRESENTED IN THE

DATA BASE
THERE CAN BE SEMATIC GAP
BETWEEN MINIWORLD & ITS DATA BASE

IN REALITY SEMANTICS OF MINIWORLD CAN NOT BE

REPRESENTED FULLY IN ANY OF THE
DATABASE

THEREFORE, THE DIFFERENCES COULD BE KEPT AS

SMALL AS POSSIBLE

6
HOW GEO DATA ARE RECORDED

BASED ON THE NATURE & FORM OF GEO DATA,

THE METHOD OF RECORDING OR DOCUMENTING
THE DATA VARIES.

FOR eg: CLIMATIC DATA

- TEMPERATURE IN OC – LOCATION-WISE
- RAINFALL IN RAIN GAUGE STATION IN mm –
LOCATION-WISE
- ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IN MILLIBAR –
LOCATION-WISE
- CYCLONE AND MOVEMENT OF CYCLONE – RS
DATA AND MANUAL PLOTTING OF DATES

TOPOGRAPHIC DATA: THROUGH MAP

7
• OTHER DATA SETS ARE PRIMARILY AVAILABLE
IN STATISTICAL TABLES WHILE SOME IN OBJECT
FORM.

TABLE FORM
* CENSUS
* IRRIGATION
* LANDUSE
* ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

OBJECT FORM
* POINT
* LINE
* AREA / POLYGON

8
DATA MODEL

DEFINES FRAMEWORK OF
DATABASE CONCEPTS THAT CAN BE USED TO
SYSTEMS EXPRESS MINI WORLD SEMANTIC

• IT IS COLLECTION OF STORED DATA

TOGETHER WITH THEIR DESCRIPTION
(THE DATABASE) & A HARDWARE /
DBMS SOFTWARE SYSTEM FOR THEIR
RELIABLE & SECURE MANAGEMENT,
MODIFICATION & RETRIEVAL
• IT SHOULD COVER SEMANTICS OF MINI
WORLD AS COMPLETELY AND 9
ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE
 DBMS

SPREADSHEET – MSEXCEL, SPSS ETC.

• TABULAR
DBMS: ORACLE ETC

• OBJECT ORIENTED • OBJECT ORIENTED

INFORMATION SYSTEM AIMS TO
SUPPORT INTEROPERABILITY OF
VARIOUS DATA SOURCES
• WHILE RETAINING THE
ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL DATA
MAINTENANCE AND FORMATS,
IT WILL PROVIDE UNIFORM
ACCESS TO INFORMATION BY
MEANS OF INTEGRATED
QUERIES 10
 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DATABASES

• HETEROGENEITY IS DUE TO DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC

‘SCIENTIST’
• TRANSFORMING SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF A
DISCIPLINE / SUBJECT INTO A DATA MODEL
(BECAUSE SAMPLING AND DOCUMENTATION OF
EXISTING DATA AND DATA HANDLING METHODS)
• LOCATING COMMON FEATURES OF THE
DATABASES BASED ON META DATA

11
THIS NEEDS
• KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE DOMAIN
(INSTITUTIONS, TOPIC & AREA OF RESEARCH &
OTHER SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA).
• KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE DATA (TYPE OF
DATA, REPRESENTATION & STORAGE OF DATA,
DATA QUALITY , GEOMETRIC
REPRESENTATION (SHAPE DETAILS)
• KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PROCESSING TOOLS,
DATA FORMATS & DATABASES TO STORE THE
DATA
• INFORMATION ABOUT KNOWLEDGE BASED
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

12
 PROBLEMS IN
OBJECT ORIENTED DATA BASES

PROBLEM – 1
- THE DIVERSITY OF TECHNIQUES AND METHODS
LEADS TO VAST & FURTHER GROWING AMOUNT OF
HETEROGENEOUS DATA THAT ARE STORED IN
DIVERSE FORMATS & IN DIFFERENT DATA BASES
OFTEN EVEN IN A SINGLE RESEARCH GROUP

- THEY ARE CREATED AT HIGH COST

- FURTHER SPECIFIC QUERY COMPONENTS WERE

COUPLED TO THEIR DATABASES FOR GETTING EASY
DATA ACCESS.

13
PROBLEM – 2
THE EXISTENCE OF WORLDWIDE
DATABASES & QUERY SYSTEMS LEADS TO A
NUMBER OF PROBLEMS.

PROBLEM – 3
THE GEO INFORMATION SYSTEM IS THE
REPRESENTATION AND TRANSLATION OF
DATA SEMANTICS. (SEMANTICS, IS DEFINED AS
THE DATA OBJECTS ITSELF, THEIR RELATIONSHIP
TO OTHER DATA OBJECTS AS WELL AS TO REAL
WORLD OBJECTS THEY REFER TO)

14
• THE AIM OF OO DATABASE IS TO ALLOW DATA
MODELING WHICH IS CLOSER TO REAL WORLD
THINGS AND EVENTS

• OBJECT = STATE + BEHAVIOUR

• GEODATA = ATTRIBUTES + BEHAVIOUR

SUPER CLASS OBJECTS

CLASS

OBJECTS

ITEMS etc. 15
IN OBJECT ORIENTED DATA BASE THE AIM
IS TO ACCESS DISTRIBUTED,
HETEROGENEOUS DATA WITH THE USE OF
INTEGRATED QUERIES

16
DEFINING OBJECT MODELS
GEO DATA
– ATTRIBUTE + BEHAVIOURAL VALUES (THAT
DEFINE THEIR SPATIAL, TEMPORAL AND
GRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS AS WELL AS
TEXTUAL AND NUMERIC DIMENSIONS)

IDENTIFICATION OF
1. SINGLE MODEL INTEGRATED MODEL
2. STANDARD OBJECTS MODEL

ASSOCIATING THESE INTEGRATED AND

STANDARD MODELS THROUGH GRAPHIC
MODELING LANGUAGE
17
 US
• WORLD MAP in 1:2,000,000 (1960s)
• DIMECO DATABASE (MID 1960s)
– STATE BOUNDARIES AND COASELINE 1:5,000,000
• WORLD DATA BANK I (1966)
– WORLD COASTLINE AND INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES
1:12,000,000
• WORLD DATA BANK II (1977)
– DATABASE WAS CREATED FROM 1:4,000,000 TO 1,000,000
SCALE MAP WITH MORE CONTENT
– THEMES: COUNTRY, STATE BOUNDARY, COASTLINES,
ISLANDS, LAKES, RIVERS AND SELECTED ROADS AND
RAILWAYS

18
 US
• USGS (US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY)
– 1:2,000,000 SCALE NATIONAL ATLAS OF US
– THEME: POLITICAL BOUNDARIES, ROAD AND RAILWAYS,
HYPSOGRAPHY, FEDERAL LANDS AND POPULATED
PLACES
– THE FEATURES HAVE BEEN RANKED FROM MOST
SIGNIFICANT TO LEAST SIGNIFICANT

19
 US
• DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY
– DIGITAL CHART OF THE WORLD
– OPERATIONAL NAVIGATIONAL CHART
• USGS
– DIGITAL LINE GRAPH
– LARGE SCALE
• 1:20,000, 1:24000 & 1:25000 Scale USGS maps (1990)
– INTERMEDIATE SCALE
• 1:100,000 (1989)
– SMALL SCALE
• 1:2,000,000 National Atlas of US

20
 MAPS
• SURVEY OF INDIA – 1867

- TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS IN 1:25,000; 1:50,000;

1:250,000
- STATE & UNION TERRITORIES MAP IN 1:25 MILLION –
1:16 MILLION
- TOURIST MAP IN 1:50000
- GUIDE MAP – 1:20000
- AERONAUTICAL CHARTS & INTERNATIONAL MAPS –
1:1 MILLION
- OUTLINE MAPS OF INDIA – (PLAIN – WITH STATE
BOUNDARIES & RIVERS)
- TREKKING MAPS 1:250000
- DISTRICT PLANNING MAPS – 1:250,000
21
• DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHIC DATA BASE
- 1:250 000 , 1:50 000, 1:25 000

- ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY DATA BASE

(ABDB) FOR INDIA
TALUK LEVEL WITH HQS
DISTRICT LEVEL WITH HQS
STATE LEVEL WITH CAPITALS
TALUK LEVEL WITH TOWNS

- ABDB FOR STATE

TALUK LEVEL WITH HQS
DISTRICT LEVEL WITH HQS

22
- PARLIAMENT & ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY MAP
- DIGITAL DATA ON 1:3.5 M FOR RAILWAY
- DIGITAL DATA ON1:50000 STATE REMOTE
SENSING CENTRES
- DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS FOR AIRPORT
AUTHORITY OF INDIA

23
 CONTROL DATA

TRIGONOMETRIC DATA
• SPHERICAL COORDINATES UPTO / MINUTE OF ARC
UNRESTRICTED IT WILL BE APPLIED TO ANY
ACCURACY TO CENTRE / STATE MINISTRIES
• ALL GRID COORDINATES ARE RESTRICTED

HEIGHTS
• LEVELING TRIGONOMETRICAL, SELECTED HEIGHTS

MAGNETIC DATA

TIDAL DATA
• CURRENT CHANGES FOR TIDAL DATA IN NON
DIGITAL FORMATS
24
 NATIONAL ATLAS &
THEMATIC MAPPING ORGANISATION - 1954

- NATIONAL ATLAS OF INDIA

- TOURIST ATLAS OF INDIA
- ATLAS OF AGRI. RESOURCES OF INDIA
- FOREST ATLAS OF INDIA
- WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ATLAS
- LAND RESOURCES ATLAS
- INDIAN OCEAN ATLAS
- NATIONAL SCHOOL ATLAS
- SOCIO-ECONOMIC ATLAS
- HEALTH AND DISEASE ATLAS
25
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA - 1851
- DEGREE (1O X 1O) SHEET 1:250 000
- GEOLOGICAL & MINERAL ATLAS OF INDIA
- DISTRICT RESOURCE MAPS
- GEOLOGICAL & MINERAL MAPS OF STATES &
REGIONS
- MAPS COVERING ENTIRE INDIA
- COAL FIELD MAPS
- MARINE MAPS
- AGRO MAGNETIC MAPS
- MINERAL BELT MAPS
- INTERNATIONAL MAPS
- ATLAS
- GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF HIMALAYAS 1:1 MILLION
- MINERAL MAP OF INDIA, & ADJOINING COUNTRIES
1:7.5 M
26
- GEO HYDROLOGICAL MAP OF INDIA 1:2 MILLION
 BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA – 1890

• DATABASE ON LIVE PLANTS

• NATIONAL DATABASE (COMPUTERIZED) (AT

CALCUTTA)
- LIVE COLLECTION
- PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES
- PLANT DISTRIBUTION & NOMENCLATURE

• NATIONAL FLORA AND TYPE COLLECTIONS (AT

COIMBATORE)

• DATABASE ON MEDICINAL PLANT (AT CALCUTTA)

27
NATIONAL REMOTE SENSING CENTRE
(NRSC)

IRS – 1A MARCH 17, 1988

IRS - 1B AUGUST 29, 1991
- LISS I, LISS II IN 4 SPECTRAL BANDS IN
VISIBLE & NEAR INFRARED
- SPATIAL RESOLUTION: 72.5 MTS. 36.25 MTS
- RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION: 7 BITS
- REVISIT 22 DAYS

28
IRS – 1C DECEMBER 28, 1995
IRS – I D SEPTEMBER 29, 1997
- PANCHROMATIC CAMERA (PAN)
SPA. RESOLUTION – 5.8 MTS
RADI. RESOLUTION – 6 BITS
SWATH 70 KMS
- LISS III
- FOUR BANDS : TWO VISIBLE, ONE NEAR IR
& ONE SHORT WAVE IR
- GROUND RESOLUTION: 23.5 M – VNIR (141Kms)
70.5 M – SWIR (148 Kms)
- RAD. RESOLUTION - 7 BITS
- WIDE FIELD SENSOR
SPA. RESOLUTION 188 m – TWO BANDS
SWATH; 810 Kms
REVISIT: 5 DAYS

29
IRS – P2 / IRS P3
IRS – P2 – OCT. 15, 1994 – LISS II
IRS – P3 – MARCH 21, 1996
- WIFS
- MOS – MODULER OPTO –
ELECTORNIC SCANNER

30
IRS – P4 (OCEAN SAT) – 26.05.1999
OCM – OCEAN COLOUR MONITOR
MSWR - MULTI FREQUENCY SCANNING
MICROWAVE RADIOMETER
OCM: 8 VISIBLE; NEAR IR
RESOLUTION: 360 M X 250 M
MSWR: 4 FREQUENCIES; 2 POLARIZATIONS

31
• IRS P5 - Cartosat 1 – May 2005
• IRS P6 – Resourcesat – October 2003
• Cartosat 2 – January 2008

32
RADARSAT INTERNATIONAL, CANADA
SAR
- SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR - IT CAN
PENETRATE DARKNESS, CLOUDS, RAIN &HAZE
- ANY PART OF THE WORLD
- IT PROVIDES IMAGES IN SEVEN SIZES (BEAM
MODE)
eg. - FIVE BEAM MODE 50 x 50 Km IN 10m
RESOLUTION
SCAN SAR WIDE 500 x 500 Km IN
100m RESOLUTION
- REVISIT 24 DAYS
Other data supplied by NRSC:
- TERRA, AQUA, ORBI IMAGE, ENVISAT
-Digital Globe provides --- QUICK BIRD data
- Geo eye --- IKONOS data
-
33
National Aeronautics and Space Administraion
(NASA)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admiistraion
(NOAA) Series 17, 18 – 1984 – 2001 – Advanced
Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Data
LANDSAT
MSS - 1985 – 92
TM DATA – 1985 –93
ERS 1/2 – 1992 onwards SAR data
SPOT 1-2 1987-90
MLA (MULTISPECTUAL – 20m RESOLUTION)
PLA (PANCHROMATIC – 10m RESOLUTION)

34
 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

NRSC
SURVEY OF INDIA

- 1927 SCALE 4’ – 1 MILE COVERING ENTIRE

COUNTRY
- PANCHROMATIC PHOTOGRAPH (B/W)
- INFRARED PHOTOGRAPH (B/W)
- COLOUR PHOTOGRAPH
- COLOUR INFRARED PHOTOGRAPH
(FALSE COLOUR)
- MULTISPECTRAL PHOTOGRAPHS

35
 WEB SITE Address
• Google Earth
• HERE – NOKIA
• Virtual GIS
• http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

• http://glcfapp.unaics.umd.edu:8080/esdi/idea jsp
ETM+,TM,MSS, SRTM, ASTER

36
• http://www.bing.com/mapindia/?mkt=en-in
• http://geofuse.geoeye.com/maps/Map.aspx
Geo eye – Ikonos-2, Geo eye-1
• http://browse.digitalglobe.com/imagefinder/main.jsp
Digital Globe - Quick Bird, World View, Pan
• http://bhuvan-noeda.nrsc.gov.in/download/ download/downl
oad.php

LISS III, Cartosat -1

37
ATTIBUTE DATA SOURCES

38
 AGRICULTURAL CENSUS

• Agricultural Census is an important quinquennial activity

• The Agricultural Census provides information on
– distribution of operational holdings and
– area operated by them along with other related characteristics such as
tenancy, terms of leasing, cropping and land use patterns, irrigation status,
etc.
• The Input Survey provides valuable information on the
consumption of various inputs such as
– fertilizers, pesticides and manures,
– agricultural machinery and implements,
– livestock and flow of credit to the agricultural holdings by five major size
groups i.e. marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large.

39
 Attribute Data
• Census of India – Population data once in a decade
• Animal Husbandry Department – quin quennial
survey
• TWAD - Ground water data
• Highways and Rural Works Department – Roadways
• Railways
• Public Health – Hospital related data
• Chief Educational Office – Education related data
• Pollution Control board – Pollution data
• Assistant Director of Statistics – Any Statistics

40
41