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Nutrisi Untuk Meningkatkan Daya Tahan Tubuh Dalam Aktifitas Sehari Hari Menghadapi Covid 19
Nutrisi Untuk Meningkatkan Daya Tahan Tubuh Dalam Aktifitas Sehari Hari Menghadapi Covid 19
Nurpudji A Taslim
Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Gizi Klinik Indonesia
Dept. Ilmu Gizi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Hasanuddin
@2020
The Role of Vitamins
to improve immunity
Vitamins that Support The Immune System
Vitamin A
Vitamin
Vitamin C D
Immune
System
Vitamin E
Vitamin B6, B12,
Asam folat 3
The sites of action of vitamins on the
immune system
Cmodulates cytokine
production, decreases EEnhances IL-2 production
histamine levels
7
Gombart AF, et al. 2020. A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients
Roles of vitamins at every stage of
the immune response- Cont’
4
T cell proliferation,
Adaptive Immune Antigen
differentiation and
function Vitamin
Response presentation A,D, C, E, B6, B12
Inhibitory actions
Humoral Vitamin D, E, B6
Cell mediated immunity
immunity
Vitamin A, D, C, E,
B6,B12, B9
Gombart AF, et al. 2020. A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients 8
Sumber Vitamin B6 ( AKG dewasa: 1,3-1,7
mg )
Per 100 gram:
Ikan tuna – 0,933 mg
Hati ayam – 0,755 mg
Salmon – 0,611 mg
Dada ayam tanpa kulit
– 0,513 mg
Pisang – 0,367 mg
Kentang – 0,269 mg
Daging sapi – 0,268 mg
Nasi dari beras coklat –
0,122 mg
Sumber Vitamin B12 (AKG dewasa: 4 mcg)
Grant, W. B. et al. (2020) ‘Evidence that vitamin d supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and
covid-19 infections and deaths’, Nutrients. MDPI AG. doi: 10.3390/nu12040988.
Vitamin D Studies in Covid-19 patients
Meltzer, D. O. et al. (2020) ‘Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Treatment with COVID-19 Incidence’,
medrxiv. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1737(1), pp. 1–22. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.08.20095893.
Of
Interest
Vitamin D Studies in Non-Covid-19 Respiratory Infection
■ Double blind RCT high dose (250.000-500.000 IU)in ventilated critically ill
patients found to be safe decreased length of stay (LOS), improved oxygenation
(increased Hb)
■ Risk of acute viral respiratory infection 2 folds less and percentage of sick days 5
folds less if serum Vit. D > 95nmol/L
Ebadi, M. and Montano-Loza, A. J. (2020) ‘Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Springer US. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0661-0.
Vitamin D Studies in Non-Covid-19 Respiratory
Infection prevention
Of
Interest
• Meta-analysis: 25 trials, 11321
participants from 14 countries, 4
continents
• Vit. D supplementation is protective
against acute respiratory tract
infection especially for those with
serum Vit. D < 25 nmol/L
• Daily or weekly doses is better than
combined with bolus doses
• No serious effect of Vit. D
supplementation
Martineau, A. R. et al. (2017) ‘Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of
individual participant data’, BMJ (Online). BMJ Publishing Group, 356. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6583.
Vitamin D Recommendations:
■ Vitamin D supplementation will benefit most those with low serum Vitamin D
■ Recommended supplementation 400-4000 IU( 10-100 ug)/day
■ Although Vit. D is safe even in higher doses, should be avoided
■ Daily 1000 IU/day for majority of people will maintain 25(OH)D >50 nmol/L
JAMA. 2019;322(13):1261-1270.
doi:10.1001/jama.2019.11825
This multicenter, randomized, double-blinded trial
included 167 patients with sepsis and
ARDS who were randomized to receive 50 mg/kg
every 6 h of HDIVC for 4 days versus placebo and
showed statistically significant difference in 28-day
all-cause mortality 21
18 relevant
controlled trials
with a total of
2004 patients
In
In six
Inthreetrials,
12 trials orally
trials with
in administered
1766
which patients,
patients vitamin
vitamin
needed CCreduced
mechanicalinventilation
dosesthe offor
1–3
length
over
g/day
24 ICU(weighted
of hours,stay on C
vitamin mean
average 2.0 g/day)
bythe
shortened 7.8% reduced
(95%
duration ofCI:the
4.2%length
mechanical of ICUpby=
toventilation
11.2%;
18.2%
stay by(95%
0.00003) 8.6% CI (p
7.7% to 27%; p = 0.001)
= 0.003)
22
Large dose of IV Vit-C has shown successful clinical results in viral ARDS and influenza.
A young patient was recommended to take a high dose of IV Vit-C (50,000 mg of Vit-C in 1000
ml Ringer's solution, infused over 90 min) and the condition of the patient improved notably by
the next day. He was continued to take oral VC (2000 mg twice daily)
23
Sumber Vitamin C (AKG dewasa: 75-90 mg)
Per 100 gram
Minyak ikan – 24.242
mcg
Hati ayam – 4.957 mcg
Mentega – 1.000 mcg
Kuning telur – 606 mcg
Cabai merah – 486 mcg
Wortel – 333 mcg
Bayam – 273,5 mcg
Kangkung – 197,5 mcg
Labu kuning – 131 mcg
Fungsi Zink
Zinc berperan dalam berbagai fungsi biologis, antara lain:
■ fungsi imunitas tubuh dan ekspresi informasi genetik,
■ pertahanan terhadap oksidan (sebagai antioksidan),
■ berperan dalam sintesis dan degradasi karbohidrat, lipid, protein, dan
asam nukleat,
■ komponen penting untuk stabilisasi struktur protein dan asam nukleat,
maupun integritas organel subselular,
■ sebagai katalisator dan penyusun struktur sel, dan juga berperan dalam
proses signaling sel,
■ mempertahankan struktur normal sitoskeleton.
Zink dan Covid-19
■ Beberapa penelitian membuktikan bahwa peningkatan kadar zink dapat menghambat
replikasi virus-virus RNA (Lanke et al., 2007; te Velthuis et al.,2010)
■ Empat pasien covid-19 diterapi zink dosis tinggi (Zinc salt oral lozenges, dosis total
sehari 115mg- 207 mg/hari) memperbaiki gejalanya (Finzi E, Case report, International
Journal of Infectious diseases 99,2020)
■ 5 kelompok penelitian mendukung hipotesis bahwa beratnya Covid-19 dapat diturunkan
dengan pemberian zink oral.( Moseley HNB, 2020)
■ Direkomendasikan untuk area berisiko tinggi/orang dengan suspek covid-19 sejak
awal diberikan suplementasi nutrisi adekuat ( zinc,selenium dan vitamin D).
(Alexander et al., Review, Nutrients, 2020).
■ Rekomendasi PDGKI: zink tablet 20 - 40 mg/hari.
Sumber Seng/Zink (AKG dewasa: 8-11 mg)
Abstract
Immune support by micronutrients is historically based on vitamin C deficiency and supplementation in scurvy in
early times. It has since been established that the complex, integrated immune system needs multiple specific
micronutrients, including vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, and B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium, which play vital,
often synergistic roles at every stage of the immune response. Adequate amounts are essential to ensure the proper
function of physical barriers and immune cells; however, daily micronutrient intakes necessary to support immune
function may be higher than current recommended dietary allowances. Certain populations have inadequate dietary
micronutrient intakes, and situations with increased requirements (e.g., infection, stress, and pollution) further
decrease stores within the body. Several micronutrients may be deficient, and even marginal deficiency may impair
immunity. Although contradictory data exist, available evidence indicates that supplementation with multiple
micronutrients with immune-supporting roles may modulate immune function and reduce the risk of infection.
Micronutrients with the strongest evidence for immune support are vitamins C and D and zinc. Better design of
human clinical studies addressing dosage and combinations of micronutrients in different populations are required to
substantiate the benefits of micronutrient supplementation against infection.
Keywords: immune system, infection, micronutrients, minerals, vitamins
Nutrients. 2020 Jan; 12(1): 236. Published online 2020 Jan 16. doi: 10.3390/nu12010236
Sumber Vitamin E (AKG dewasa: 15-20 mg)
• Per 100 gram makanan:
- Minyak bunga matahari – 51
mg
- Kuaci bunga matahari – 26,1
mg
- Almond – 25,97 mg
- Minyak jagung – 21 mg
- Minyak kacang kedelai – 18 mg
- Minyak kanola – 17,46 mg
- Minyak kelapa sawit – 15,94 mg
- Margarin – 15 mg
- Minyak zaitun – 14,35 mg
- Minyak kacang tanah – 13 mg
Sumber Selenium (AKG dewasa: 24-30 mcg)
38
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