A.

ATOMS
1. All matter is made of
atoms
2. Atomic Parts
 Protons-positive (+); some mass;
in nucleus
 Neutrons-no charge (0); some
mass; in nucleus
 Electrons-negative (-); no real
mass but do take up most of
the space around an atom
Atomic Structure
3. Describing Atoms
a. Atomic Number = number of
protons
-In a neutral atom (0 charge), the
# of protons = the # of electrons

b. Atomic Mass=number of neutrons

+ Protons
4. Changing Parts
a. The number of protons for an
atom never changes.

BUT-the number of neutrons can

change
b. Isotopes are atoms of the same
element with a different number
of neutrons.
Examples of Isotopes
c. Ions
• An atom that gains or loses an electron is called an ion
– If the atom loses electrons, it becomes positively
charged
– If an atom gains electrons it becomes negatively
charged
WHY?
-Remember p+ = e- so if we change those numbers,
the charge moves in the direction of the larger
number of particles.
-More on this later when we talk about bonding
ION Example
 B. Atomic Theory
1. Early Theory
a. Aristotle-all matter flows
continuously and is composed of 4
elements
-fire, air, earth and water
b. Democritus-Disagreed with
Aristotle and said that matter
was made of small units called
“atomos” that were indivisible
Aristotle was more popular than
Democritus so this theory was ignored
for over 2000 years!c
2. Modern Theory
a. Dalton (England, 1800’s) atoms.
1. All elements are composed of atoms and
they are indestructible-like a solid sphere.
They cannot be created or destroyed-LAW
OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER
2. Atoms of the same element are exactly
alike.
3. Atoms of different elements are different.
4. Compounds are formed by the joining of
atoms of two or more elements.
 b. Thomson (1897-England)-
Discovered negatively charged
electrons

c. Rutherford(1897-England)-In
1908, discovered the nucleus.
c. Bohr (1913)-Denmark –
said electrons were in
orbits or energy levels
around the nucleus.
•Energy Levels
The energy that an electron has
is based on its location around
the nucleus. (Electrons that are
closer to the nucleus have less
energy than those that are
farther away from the nucleus)
Energy Levels (cont’d)
• Level 1-2 electrons
• Level 2=8 electrons
• Level 3-8 electrons
• Level 4-18 electrons
• Level 5-32 electrons

Each level must be full before another can

be started.
EXAMPLE
• Nickel has an atomic number of 28

1.Level 1 hold 2-------------28-2=26 to place

2.Level 2 can hold 8--------26-8=18 to place
3.Level 3 can hold 8--------18-8=10 to place
4.Level 4 can hold 18 BUT only 10 are left so it will only have 10 in
it
• We have to show Neutrons (n) and Protons (p+) too.
• Protons and electrons are usually equal so we know there 28
protons.
– Neutrons are found by subtracting the Atomic number from the atomic mass.

Atomic mass 59 - Atomic # 28 =31 neutrons

EXAMPLE
It would look like this..

28 p
31n
d. Electron Cloud Model
• Electrons travel in regions called “electron
clouds”
• You cannot predict exactly where an
electron will be found
• Electrons move in